A key challenge for modernization leaders is ensuring that modernization efforts deliver the greatest business impact, which means avoiding underinvesting in high-priority areas and overinvesting in areas with limited return on investment. A bad decision could result in thousands of people-hours wasted modernizing low-value capabilities and missed opportunity costs of moving the business forward in key strategic areas. For technologists, it’s crucial to discern that a brilliant technical architecture using the latest technologies and patterns in an area where a simple CRUD interface would suffice is a bad decision, regardless of the technical brilliance. One of the goals of architecture modernization is to enable fine-grained business investments, which requires a value-driven, portfolio-based approach.