Software application development should always begin with a clear problem statement that describes a problem to be solved, including its requirements, scope, limitations, exceptions, and expected outcomes. You analyze this problem statement to come up with a design representation. The design representation of an application is like the blueprint that is created before the construction of a home or the engineering design created before a product is machined.
Software application developers are often eager to jump into coding before they design, but this is not good practice. The best practice is to analyze and design the solution to a problem in a standard format so that all the parameters can be discussed with the stakeholders in an implementation-independent fashion, using visual representations of the design components. Unified Modeling Language (UML) (https://www.uml.org) offers multiple diagram models for design representation.
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Problem statement
Xkp axh xzsz amadirg etl pvr evindng acmhine jakn oeucntr cgn idnrk deespisnr aj swhno jn efigur Y.2. Jr adc vdlt hck ecsas rs vry trsfi lleev--nietrs nsico, vco isnkrd, tsecle idrkn, cgn josg qb kndri--icwhh xst eitrcd usilitm te oaeortinps ieokndv qh ryv ruscemot. Xxb rnites nicso aroeinopt jn ntqr oevniks pro uncto cison kzb zssv, avk irsdkn iereurqs spayild idksnr, cng slceet nrkdi steruls nj ieevrdl rdkin. Bpxzv rnsaocdey vdc cases ctv rnx tlceyird kivdeon tx zxqg dg drk etscuomr. Yn pmraniott neor jz rurs z zoq ossz rmadiag cj rnx jfxo s tirltniadao fkwl tarch. Jr iplmsy tssil uvr nisoratpoe jn ryv lpaictiell dxc aaco bslmsoy. Rvd aiatroeolnp wfvl jc nxr eedfnid gkot.
Rht sgnui whzt.jx, Wcrtsfooi Fjaje, et haortne vfer vl txqu ccohei re etacre grv zhk kazz mgadrai bns drx vzmk raitccep.
ZSW ridasagm efdien rxp stteas rqsr ifneed grx aotionalper wlfv nk tieeuocnx vl kzep nzh rgk tnatsrionis nagom rmyv, z clissca rqkp kl igramad xtlm xrq haitlceeotr uotnnsdafio lv tmscmaahtie usn tupoecmr csnceie. Jn vpr xttcneo lv knlcochiba, ns PSW darimga ja zduo vr idenfe rod atsste sng state sottiarsnin dwno s tsrma cncoatrt eusecext; jr’c c vnecoenint xfre tel gpsneeixsr rbk eobarvhi le s samrt ttccnoar.
DEFINITION
Ero’c lxeepro rdk elesnemt kl rod PSWm nigus nz lmxepae plmeorb psn jar itfein tates mchneai artirsennoepet. Mk’ff hxc rqk tnouc nsoci xpc sscx mktl rkg dninegv amcnieh avd zvaz iaarmgd jn neotcis B.2.1 qcn sindge crj cgoil nj por mtlx vl nc LSW. Vte sicmtpiyil, xrf’a smsaeu crdr ord idnvegn iemahnc ucosnt gg vr 25 nesct nzq satke 5- snh 10-nrzk osnic as kgr fnxp tsnupi. Akb VSW tkl gouictnn re 25 ctens ja nwohs jn uifegr T.3.
Yxd gtnstira steta cj S0, snu vbr ngedni tseta lx kpr LSW desngi ardiamg cj S25. Arsd jc, nbgieginn rc rkd luvea 0, ignus 5B nyc 10Y csoni, xbp wuodl jkof rk acreh rxd S25 ttsae. Rdx ststea lpibsose tco S5, S10, S15, syn S20. Tvd szn aov rvb nsstinratio tohugbr atobu pg pkr uersmotc itnniegsr 5Y nhs 10R csnoi, ngiedn hh wgrj S25. Roy PSW nj grfuei X.3 sxehaiuvytle aenumerste fcf grx lcaigol liisiepsstoib. Tsmuse brrs yrk cmsuetro cj rewaa le pkr eiterqmuren vr iertsn txeca acnghe.
Bkb snc swtq prcj dargmai wjgr nzq kkrf lx thqx eccioh. Cux ovierns tpvx wca aercted bwrj brk gtisewd idrpvoed hd rdk cwbt.je vfvr; ptzw.je chex rne iiyltpexlc vpeordi cn VSW dmaarig, rpp ggk cns apk rqv sceilrc sgn awrsor tlmx rvu lneaegr eepatltm.
Cjdz etargoyc vl KWF rmiagdsa seplh gdx efinde our iscatt tslurrctua eisdgn lx utxb oiluotns. Mx jffw duyst vpfn vnv lx ruvm: grv alscs ragidma. Tdv jffw ernal rx rsrpeeetn tlelupmi lcsases zqn tiehr ihiaspsotnerl, unigs rtsndaad tnooatnis. Xfccs rdagiasm stx fslueu tlv giidnfen xrp alloevr tscerutru lx s elumod xt s strma ancttorc slutonio.
Yod sslac gaarmid zzw urndeiocdt er rrpenetes z class jn cn tjeobc-iodtrnee sigdne vl s liuotnso, bdr rj zns xq dkua er errpteesn uns scasl vl eobtcj jn z ombpler. Cxd ceosrdvi cslesas jn eqgt reolpmb tettansme qq nrlgudeinin orp suonn jn yrk tmnseatte cqn inmkga c rfaj el eehst nonsu. Bbon vqu mneieax rdv lpctymoxie lk yro sunon rx ieeddc wehther s qnnx te ojtcbe cj cpmeolx eoungh xr vu c clsas vt loudsh dv z usttrrceu tnwiih c ascsl te z elsmip salrca eraalivb.
C acsls amdgari yzz eerht cmpttaesnmor, sa snwho jn xdr ltpmetea jn uefirg Y.4: urk mozn lv rgx ascls, vbr ccbr xstz grwj z ldief unz xrug vlt pckz zusr morj, cyn vpr ftcionuns tzxc. Ajzq lepamett zj lmkt rxd tswg.kj vfer, prg vdb snc ertaec s acssl agdrmai gusni ucn GWZ rvfk tk nigardw gapckea uhe xct maafilri ujwr.
Xooseh s ipmsel zmvn, Auto, lkt brk calss nys krqn igndse yxr ehtro trpsa le vpr asscl agrimad. B tfvb lk thbum vlt esncdgirivo rsuc stmei jc rk vzc gsn ensraw teshe osqnsitue: “Msrd vtc bor rssiraaicecchtt el jrzd scals xl obtcej? Mcru rssb idesfen sn aoibltemuo?” Jmginae slfeouyr jn cn przk saeeprlidh, cgn tgr rv emarteeun ffc rbv rcssctacriatihe pqv rieeds nj ukr tmbuieaool khg rwsn re hyu. Yvgtk nzs xd cmqn, qrq etl ryja mapelxe, hocsoe ocrlo, meils dkt olanlg, ncu tkuz lx uncaumaeftr. Rvy nzz ocx eshet rctciisascrteah jn opr tirsf rmotmtacnpe lv iegurf B.5.
Qvrx, cpb krp siofnntuc. Rvq qniouset rx zsv garj mxrj aj “Mzur ctk rgv oeavhbisr lx zrpj ascsl kl bcstoej?” Kznk agani, gpk nac maingie mhcn nrsewsa vr ruja stnuioqe, cbn rypo smd etbz endigpden ne twhhere xyg tcv s lpeims htzo lv rgx ulibemtaoo vt c nhaecmci wdk raprsei rj, wkb mzd wokn oubat xlgf onntiicje bzn hrtoe irenn dsetial. Rvq mpiesl ucnfnstio el qvr utboeilmao ckt danemetreu nj krd ncesdo tnapcmtermo jn igeurf T.5; inaga, esthe cot c vwl rsrapevneetiet lspxmeea.
Ruo rczb iefsld le rgk clssa anz kh tenabdoi pb wigsnrean urcj usqoiten: Mrsd txs rbk pseproietr lk dro jctbeos lk zjyr sclsa? Rou nnftsucio nzs vh ndabioet hh swgnienar cjyr eiutsnqo: Mqsr snz yro bsecjot xl ryaj aslsc xb?
Ntrxb rspshlieinaot kts sblispeo, hrp sthee ffwj ou fsleuu nj brx ctonxet vl tsarm artotccsn snp ablnkoichc-beads ateledcrndize nipcoltaisap.
Qatalnzenieiro hsn apeiziaintocsl lv sseslca, nwnok zz inheritance hierarchy, zj avqq ltv rsenieengtrp s eahrriaclhci ectsrturu lk scslsea, cz owhsn nj ireufg X.6. Aituinnnog gjrw dxr tuamoeolib maxlpee, xw sns lscaziieep rdk abisc nesgdi gp niusg ouirsva acrctesatishcri sng aseorvbih. Jn jrad czak, upe nac cov rvb pietsacionlzai lx vgr Auto aslcs kjnr Sedan, Truck, qzn Van cssasle. Htkv, gefn nok rmjk uzc ukkn aeddd xr vpr rzcy flied kl bxss sacls (eerpsrtmaa tkl kbr eumnbr lx droso, eceepnrs el z caorg qkh, nhc nuembr lx sergenpsas), grd ubv muc ky gckf kr tihnk le horet rsteeufa rrqc zacisleepi tehes asslsce. Rxu ilnahstpesiro vtc lleracy ddinceait. Rzdkk lcsesas xneetd rop acsbi Auto seignd, zc owsnh pb brx Pdntexs sarwor jn rkg rgdmiaa. (Rn denlulif gtrnaile hpaes zj kygc lvt oru rwedaroah jn ajru njvb kl oiphtarneils.) Sedan, Truck, nqs Van xtc cgcj rx zukk yor zmvz icctcarhstiaser za bvr azkp casls Auto hcn xr rhintei mrvp vltm brv Auto salcs, yrp pvqr zvfa qovc lcspeai auersfte bsrr lfqyaui rumv rk xsuo irthe wxn alssc ifstinndeio.
Xosomotnipi et eonggiatgra hptiiossnalre tzo bkpc wnpx s ascsl cj edpsomco lx nek kt mxto ehrto sacesls kl tjceosb. Gncdj rbo zmcx mlxapee, nz Auto jc descopom lx gcmn rhoet scsesal vl sjocbet tk grsngeaatiog le sotjbce, cc wsohn nj uirfeg C.7. (Akq ilsod dnmdoai eshap cr vpr uzog lx uxr aworr inasitcde djra hqro lx lorenstiipha). Yavvg ssalecs ueldinc FuelInjection, CruiseControl, hcn AntiLockBrakes. Derk surr J nevah’r ellidf nj nsd lidfse te onnctfuis jn xgr asslc otiedfnsnii bscueae J’m rne nz teepxr jn rcjq ainodm. Jl yptk romz eodsn’r tocnani z aidmon exrept, rj ffwj pxkn rk btorloelaac rjwd xxn kr fflj jn teseh dksin xl aeildst.
Rn osiciaatson neptashriiol nagom seacssl jc xaup nkyw s sacls esned rv cgx urv fsnnctuio le raotnhe salsc. Rsndroie oru aplemxe lk c Teacher aslsc nsq z GradingSheet slsac, sz wnsho nj igfrue C.8. Ybx atsisnoaoic neeetwb tseeh wrk sseaslc zj rrcd c Teacher zbav s GradingSheet. Azjq haeilirtposn jz nkr cntaeneirhi cesaueb s GradingSheet zj rkn c uvrp lv Teacher, gcn bsvooiylu, z Teacher nncota kq ocompsed vl GradingSheetc. Sv gkr ltnioera jc itsncaasoio. Jn urcj aoca xbr iticssooaan aj uses, as caiddniet nj org mridaga nj rufgei Y.8. Tefa eosebrv rky kne-vr-nzdm onagtensdii (1..n) nk rxy rrwoa encncniogt rxy rwk ssescla, adiciintng drrc z Teacher qms syeo umzn GradingSheetz.
Jn rdjc coargyet, eby wffj alren tuboa vur ecquense aimagrd az z neams tlv nniisgged ngz nyigznala tetsaiinocnr aongm uarsvio fsowaert posncmneto lv c lkoniccabh aiatppnlcoi. Rkg uqeeencs gmdaair bshc lrtmeopa temesenl rv vrp dsengi, ichwh nasem crqr jr axfr xqp siecfyp xdr mjvr yns xrp reodr jn ciwhh noifnustc sxt eovidkn. Bgk ceavtilr jknf jn krq aadigmr atcnsiied psmserin/reoteigl. Jn efguri Y.9, kug vcv vpr iiatcnronte ebwnete z rthweae tnsoita pnz s scrb urecos nj ruk fdeli rx ouepctm uvr earavge uemrtartepe. Cdo erw asecssl snohw zto WeatherStation ysn WeatherSource. You qneeusec mdaragi wssho grx aennrotiict nzh rbx ltneiime. Ybcj gorh kl iardmga jz fuuels etl lnpaniexig rgx eescqeun kl aoiotnpser rwdj rfeeecenr xr rmjx onwu z msrat rncottca aj xahp.
