chapter nine

9 Structure-based Drug Design with Active Learning

 

This chapter covers

  • How 3D protein structures can guide rational drug design.
  • Implementation of a complete protein-ligand docking workflow.
  • Using deep learning approaches to create surrogate models that dramatically accelerate virtual screening of ultra-large compound libraries.
  • Active learning to identify drug candidates while minimizing computational resources.
  • Extending active learning to free energy perturbation for lead optimization.

Structure-based drug design (SBDD) leverages knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of a biological target, such as a protein involved in a disease, to guide the design and selection of molecules that can interact with and modulate its function. A key computational technique within SBDD is molecular docking, which simulates the interaction between a small molecule (i.e., a potential drug) and the target protein. Docking produces approximate scoring-function values that rank how well a molecule might bind to the protein and can be used to screen large libraries of compounds to identify promising drug candidates.

9.1 Docking: A Core SBDD Technique

9.1.1 Protein-Ligand Docking

9.1.2 Minimal Protein-Ligand Docking Workflow

9.1.3 Prepare the Protein & Ligand Structures

9.1.4 Run A Docking Experiment

9.1.5 Docking Validation & Interaction Fingerprints

9.2 Active Learning for Hit Identification: Deep Docking

9.2.1 Active Learning: Smart Choices with Limited Resources

9.2.2 The Deep Learning Surrogate Model

9.2.3 Training the Surrogate Model

9.2.4 Initial Sampling

9.2.5 Acquisition Functions for Active Learning

9.2.6 The Oracle

9.2.7 The Active Learning Loop

9.3 Active Learning for Lead Optimization: Free Energy Perturbation Experiments

9.3.1 The Role of Free Energy Calculations

9.4 Summary