inside front cover

 
Memory hierarchy with sizes and access times for a hypothetical but realistic modern desktop

Type

Size

Access time

CPU

L1 cache

256 KB

2 ns

L2 cache

1 MB

5 ns

L3 cache

6 MB

30 ns

RAM

DIMM

8 GB

100 ns

Secondary storage

SSD

256 GB

50 µs

HDD

2 TB

5 ms

Tertiary storage

NAS - Network Access Server

100 TB

Network dependent

Cloud proprietary

1 PB

Provider dependent