12 Private equity: Investing in start-ups

 

This chapter covers

  • Investing in start-ups
  • Seeing a start-up’s evolution from pre-seed to Series C
  • Comparing venture funds, angel syndicates, and sovereign wealth funds
  • Addressing valuation, dilution, and scoring

Many programmers contemplate starting a start-up at some point. Even if you haven’t considered creating one, you’ve likely had friends who have. Ambitious development teams can produce impressive products with minimal up-front costs, especially when working without salaries, but eventually, finances become a critical topic of discussion.

Working purely for equity, however, isn’t always enough to create a product. Some team members require immediate cash flow to meet living expenses, so salaries or invoicing for their contributions is necessary. While cloud providers may offer attractive starter packages, they typically don’t provide unlimited free resources. Additionally, acquiring and servicing clients incurs extra costs.

12.1 From idea to initial public offering

12.1.1 The first minimum viable product (pre-seed)

12.1.2 Validating the business model (seed)

12.1.3 Scaling a start-up: The shift to institutional investment

12.1.4 Exits: The final transition

12.2 Investment vehicles

12.2.1 Venture capital

12.2.2 Angel networks

12.2.3 Sovereign wealth funds

12.3 Assessing start-ups

12.3.1 Valuation

12.3.2 Dilution

12.3.3 Scoring

Summary