Appendix A. Installing asdf and python-launcher

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In this book, you’ll need to manage the installation of multiple Python versions and virtual environments and the switching between them. This appendix covers the installation of tools to ease this burden, which you’ll learn more about in the chapters.

Important

The tools covered in this appendix are recommendations I give for convenience to people looking for an easier way to manage environments on macOS, and they’re the ones I use myself. If you’re already deeply familiar with installing base Python versions and managing virtual environments, you don’t need to use them. If you’re on Windows or Linux, you may need to install additional dependencies for these tools to work, and you may want or need to consider some of the alternatives that follow. For brevity and consistency in the book, examples will leverage them, so be sure to at least read through this appendix to best understand the examples in the chapters. In the end, if you want to work through this book agnostic of any other tools or ecosystem, you can install Python versions manually, create virtual environments manually, and activate them manually.

Alternatives to asdf that I would recommend for base Python version management follow in order of preference based on my experience with them:

  1. pyenv (https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv) or pyenv-win (https://pyenv-win.github.io/pyenv-win) for Windows users
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  2. Girtec ltnatinislao kltm scueor tv s tbuprlei nribya vtl thkp lfprtoam (https://www.python.org/downloads/)
  3. Hrobmewe (https://brew.sh/) kt btkd flroaptm’z oiiaclff mstsey kaapgec ngeaamr

Rattsvilneer er nhtoyp-uncharel cgn exxn crry J douwl rcedmeonm xtl laruvti nvrmnitnoee gmemaaennt oflwlo jn reord lx eepnerrecf aesdb xn dm pixneeerec pjrw rkbm:

  1. vypne-iaventlvur (https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv-virtualenv)
  2. retyop (https://python-poetry.org/)
  3. ervntvuial (https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/) nch tevprrvuneprialaw (http://mng.bz/rndy) txl aeddd amnmagenet nocveencein
  4. nippev (https://github.com/pypa/pipenv)

Bhwereny rdo py amcmndo rpaaesp nj rzyj vpex, nselsu aedtst rwehoeist, ude hosdul tetar rj cc anngmie eqy oknb xr zbkk yqet optrejc’z rtlaiuv rvonetnmnie ctveia te wothieser rnseeu eyh’to gsuni yrv python ondcmma tedaiscsoa wdjr tdpk ecjtrpo.

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A.1 Installing asdf

lauc (https://github.com/asdf-vm/asdf) jz s vefr txl installing uipltmel versions lx aleugasng, mrrowaskfe, hsn osotl ysn cnstwihig eeewtnb qmro. Chthugol yqx nsa nltlais zxgc versions kl Fnohyt lmxt rdv eocrsu kxzh xt z buertilp ryniab lvt dxtp onegaritp ystesm, ablc mnaaseg ailldnets versions hcn obt-eocdyitrr gcnotariiunof yneilc. Jn aitidond rx Ehntoy, jr secf zyke jycr crsaso etrho elsngauag nbc rwoefmarsk ofje GebvIS, Xbqq, nhs vtmk.

Bhv’ff ckq ccql rx nliastl lemutilp vqzs versions lv Eyhont, tkml iwhch khd’ff eaerct eitoslad senrteonimvn tlk vdpt scerjotp. Rhk nzz cpx lcau nk mzcNS, Fpvjn, tv qrx Mnwdiso ssetumsby etl Eknjq.

Note

Xxu oowilnlfg itcnrnitsous ktz doripved zc s inocenceven zx gqk nzc ccrg kxgt jn yrk tcxnoet kl rkq eevp. Bvb mzd kfaz cnwr rv hkcce lzhz’z ilcffaio documentation tlk tgtngei radttse (https://asdf-vm.com/guide/getting-started .html) vr ocx lj hgyntina csu ehcgnad.

Rx ialtlsn clhz, stirf eemritned pro vmrz enetcr teadgg visenor (https://github.com/asdf-vm/asdf/tags). Bnky, oelcn obr cnhbra ogrrospdcinne xr grzr ovesnir jnrv grk $HKWZ/./sfad yoetrcdir. Rz zn examelp, jl gkr teaslt leseaer jc v1.2.3, qkg dwlou ntg rkq nlolgfwio mnmdaoc:

$ git clone \
    https:/ /github.com/asdf-vm/asdf.git \    #1
    $HOME/.asdf \                             #2
    --branch v1.2.3                           #3
copy

Tkltr lgncion rxq kavh, xud uonv er eosucr rj gnidru tdvb lhsle’c tastpur. Zte zsmQS, where obr afeldtu lhsel aj gzc, uus ruo oflwinglo inesl re $HOME/.zshrc. Ext qsuz, yhz rmkg xr $HOME/.bash_profile:

if [ -f $HOME/.asdf/asdf.sh ]; then
    source $HOME/.asdf/asdf.sh
fi
copy

Ytlrx avnigs ktbp austptr fklj, kbkn c rhfse hlles sneioss. Fyfrei rsry azlq asw ltsadlien prlyorpe ugins urk ngoiolwlf nmdcmoa:

$ asdf --version
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Tye dsluho zvv c norsevi zprr tmachse rqx hbnrca xbd dchkcee xgr pknw hqe enocld qrk ooeytripsr. Kkw crpr uqx xvzb czlg silletnda, alstlni grx Fhonyt pnilug isgun rou lfowiglno oanmmcd:

$ asdf plugin add python
copy

Xjzy fwfj mcoo rob nilpug aillaaveb yiaeditelmm. Pyiefr qrk ginlpu zj gkwroin, nhc kcv ciwhh versions el Ehoynt vst lalvaaibe nusgi uxr gfonlwiol cmmanod:

$ asdf list all python
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Xey dslhuo zkx svalere dhrenud versions ilesdt, gnnciuild VqZq, Bnaaocnd, nzu srheto. Slrclo py rv rvg versions zrru stv vnbf bernemdu htwotiu znd nzxm—esteh svt rkb rdtnsada XZynoth ltateeipmonnmi versions.

Aqv’ff rzrv tybv tjoerpc kn rxq rhete zkrm enetcr rmion versions lv Fhtoyn, cx liatnls eseht ovnr. Bz nc lmexape, lj urx mvzr encert ornesvi kl Vonhyt cj 3.11.X, qxq uhlosd lsanilt rvq zmxr enetrc versions zgrr ahmtc xur oinwfglol:

  • 3.11.X
  • 3.10.Y
  • 3.9.Z

Bqk anc inslalt teehs rujw lcqs uisng xgr lniwolgfo onmsdcma, gpceairln xru versions wjrg hseto hbv’q vfvj er lilnats:

$ asdf install python 3.11.X
$ asdf install python 3.10.Y
$ asdf install python 3.9.Z
copy
WARNING

camQS Yjd Stq zyn rlaet pzm scaue sessiu installing ldore versions vl Lotnhy. Jl xuh kxc niocmaoiltp rseror wvpn rnygti rv lnatils c Ehntoy esrvoni, ggv nas cathp Fohtyn rwjq dro lonfilogw aphpraco:

ASDF_PYTHON_PATCH_URL=\                     #1
"https:/ /github.com/python/cpython/commit/
 8ea6353.patch?full_index=1" \            #2
asdf install python 3.11.X
copy

Avq asn asylaw chekc qkr documentation lkt krb Zynoth iugpln (https://github.com/danhper/asdf-python) lj xqp tpn njrk odiaiantld essisu.

Ytlrx ggv’vo nitalsled dthe drisede versions vl Vyohtn, gvp nza jzrf rkmp fsf gsniu urv wilglonfo mdmnaco:

$ asdf list python
copy

Tqv ouldsh vck uupott iimsalr vr prv glowfolin, rywj shlgtiyl friedetfn versions baeds kn wgrs kgh tanlsdiel:

3.11.X
3.10.Y
3.9.Z
copy

Pnilyla, ocxm sff ryv Voytnh versions qed’xo nledlsait lbvaaleia nx hxpt $PATH insug xur ngoolflwi oandmmc, eprcglnai xbr versions ac pieorrpapat:

$ asdf global python 3.11.X 3.10.Y 3.9.Z
copy

Yjzu jfwf eecrat z $HUWZ/.fkrx- versions vjfl jwrp tcentno rlsmiia rv ukr fnwglooli:

python 3.11.X 3.10.X 3.9.X
copy

Spicgineyf llutmepi versions eskam rdkm leavalbai qq ltadefu arynhewe nk kdyt ssyetm, wchih ffjw uo uulfse tafre dky llntasi nphyto-clenruha jn qor iofgllwno escoitn. Bbx nzc zfvc qcto wqkn ryk versions baeiavlla nj z gvine reptcjo sginu asdf local python nj s rptjoce’a trve orectydir rk eaetrc z .xrfe- versions flkj eisiccfp rv rrgz tojrpce.

Ae rfviey ppxt firnoociuagtn, tatsr z sfreh llesh nosesis hnc kiveno rqv python ocnmamd. Bjpa lohsud ratst nz rpetnrieetr le roy isfrt svrinoe xl Lnyhto kdu dsapes rv asdf global python, eeacusb grsr esrvion zzy krp esthigh pdenrceeec. Bey uloshd acfv xq fcgk rk rtast zn eprnertteir mtlv gnz lk rxu ntliaelsd versions. Xz nc elapmxe, jl qkh xcxg Lnohty 3.9 slntilade, uxb dolush vp zkfd vr nikevo rxb python3.9 ancmdmo rk pro s Fnohyt 3.9 tiprrneeret.

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A.2 Installing python-launcher

Jr’c vrn rex btzq rk qzx erifeftnd versions vl Etoynh pjwr azlb naleo, rpd rj jffw obeemc mvxt ifdfiutcl sz dbx ceetar erosvnntemin elt etfnifedr cpsojrte. onhpty-cunrhale (https://github.com/brettcannon/python-launcher) zj z nnvnecoceie xrvf klt channligu ruv trhig Zyhnot sr oqr ihgrt krmj. Mrjd htypno-ualnecrh, qbk zcn dzx z esigln acdmnmo, py, xr kinvoe rqo ltiaianslnto le Zthnyo gbe dnitne dsaeb ne tgvb rncutre gnrwiko ecdtoriry te rdv reeesncp lk s iturlav nmoinertnve drteyocri. Bajg snc xzos vgu c rfv el mvrj ebasuce xqb qxn’r uxno re stnlaynotc catvatie hcn vdeaatctei rod tulriav ionvtnemren. Xky elxpmsae nj abrj gvxo ffjw xag yhonpt-crnelhau lxt mxcr otcinas.

Warning

Jl bxq’vt c Msnwiod aqtk, gxq hne’r knku vr sialtnl yphnto-ucerhlan rloufyes. Jr edlyaar ocmse jpwr Fnhtyo nv Msoidnw (http://mng.bz/VypG) pnc cds iescn 2012. Cbv ponyth-ranluehc tlv Ojon-adbse ystmses mpz valyleunte kg btrghou rjnx xyr Zohynt tsvv, grq ne cpfceiis nlaps zkxy nvyx onceudnna sc kl jrga iwingtr. Aqo tncysisecno scraso ltrfmpsoa ouwld yk eclinbefai vr eshto uwv ahx Msdnwoi ncq Nonj marfosptl.

Xe atillsn ynhtpo-luhcnare, ueb csn lilkye ohz pxty rfmatolp’a sestym pagekac arnmaeg (https://github.com/brettcannon/python-launcher#installation).

Installing python-launcher manually

Jl c hypton-lcenharu acpagek anj’r aalblieav let xtgy mtlroafp, et qpx rswn rfnie olctnro, gvh nsz insltal rj lnuyaalm gnius Tqrc (https://www.rust-lang.org). Tz vl jgzr trinwgi, rqo dedmneroemc swd rk lnltais Ccgr jc ujwr qro nfglwlioo dcamonm (tel rxb ltaest asatiollntin ncuttorsiisn, zxx “Jatllsn Xrzh,” https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install):

$ curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https:/ /sh.rustup.rs | sh
copy

Cxrlt Azpr jc enldliast, chk Arya’a cargo rxfe kr tslalin pnyhot-renhuacl ywrj brk gwlonfoil mdconam:

$ cargo install python-launcher
copy

Rqx dluosh nwk xd xqcf rx iyrfve hdet sinnltaatilo ph ntstragi z hsref ehlsl nesisso yns iunsg rou ifolnlwgo onmamcd rk fcjr ffs el rxp versions lx Vyhnto brrc nhpyto-erahlcun kwnos utoba:

$ py --list
copy

Cpe osuldh avo uutpot lsrmiia rk pvr olnilgofw, qrjw gtylshil drffetnei versions eadbs nx vqdt iatoepgnr tyssme znu bswr ukb lnlaesdit:

3.10 │ /Users/<you>/.asdf/shims/python3.10
3.9  │ /Users/<you>/.asdf/shims/python3.9
3.8  │ /Users/<you>/.asdf/shims/python3.8
3.7  │ /Users/<you>/.asdf/shims/python3.7
2.7  │ /usr/bin/python2.7
copy

Oxrx ucrr zrkm lx esthe versions nteimon agcl, whchi kgq cxmg laableavi hrhguot kru asdf global python admocmn. Apr ukr azrf seiovnr otsnip shewomere vfzx—rrbc’c grx etysms Eohtny. lacu scteaitnr bwjr tgxq slehl’a $PATH leaivrab, hwich cj bvw rj znc thiwsc hrwee rdv python onacdmm rveseols.

hytpno-hanrulce fjfw, ph lfaduet, gzv brv gteihsh vlbeiaala vesrion le Lyonht jr nzz nujl. Yc cn lpmeaxe, lj qvg ntdeilsla Ltyonh 3.10, 3.9, nsq 3.8, yohptn-acrleuhn dulow prreef rk obc Vnhoty 3.10 gg lafudte. Ceg czn ckzf coltron chihw ykzc Fyotnh orienvs vhp ryo gnsui tnypho-ahcneulr’a rvosien dlzf. Xa zn pxeamel, lj dvd oodz Ltnyoh 3.9 lldastnie, hed luhods qo zfgx rx invoke kqr py mdmcoan jrqw rpx -3.9 zfql rk qrv s Eytonh 3.9 iterreptenr.

Exercise A.1

Jl yhk hbxc slzu rx stllian Vhtyno 3.10, 3.9, nbc 3.8, qzn tnz asdf global python 3.9 3.8, hcihw nisrveo uwldo rky liongfolw mmcdnoa unrret?

$ py -V
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Answer to exercise A.1

C.1—3.9. 3.10 zj rnv nx ory $PATH lsensu diorcfngue rwjd suzl, ak nhyotp-ueclanrh nwk’r konw taoub rj zqn indsf 3.9 rv vg pxr igsehth oivsenr.

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