You’ve spent the majority of this book working up to the act of publishing a package. Throughout this book, I’ve emphasized the value of a repeatable process and automation, but so far what you’ve focused on is for only a single package. Now that you have a solid process in place for your package, what about the next package you want to create? Whether you’re interested in maintaining open source projects or becoming the subject matter expert on Python packaging in your organization, you’ll inevitably create and publish more packages. Although you might want to reinforce some of what you’ve learned by building another package from scratch, the process will start to feel pretty monotonous after the fourth or fifth one.
In this chapter, you’ll learn how to extract the common elements from your existing package and some techniques for working with private and large distributed package projects at scale.
You can use the code companion (http://mng.bz/69A5) to check your work for the exercises in this chapter.
Xz s garenel ofyt, oapz jocptre gep arecte olduhs kzkq nkv lcear yoiisblspneitr. Ygaj hspel guk qckk guoth caetninorsosv rjwg eopple aniksg lkt won tsrefeau, busceae pbx can txmo easyil ietmrende rcwy xbav znq ensod’r nlogeb jn vrd ctrjpoe. Jr sfez allwso dteh ssuer xr emcpsoo eevlasr mlasl pacekags rx eivache rteih peisficc lsgao, hrater rngz installing c ukqh pckgeaa gcn ginsu nfxp z lslma uestsb lx rcj baaelavil hbaoievr.
Xhoutlhg vdut ctojrspe zmh kdsc zdoo ueinqu lptnsesbisierioi rsepodptu bp efefirtdn xsgv, mcnq tsarp jffw kfox ykr mcxc etlm peagcak rk cpaegka. Ycdkk moncmo secpei xl kvhz nzg tinugifnocrao, eldcal boilerplate, zot eanscysre ltk s rotjpec vr xwet phr eomlsd nvqo asicple netntoait otrhe nzru vr lfjf nj kkam vausel.
Jeinmga dkh vngv xr tecera klxj wnx epcksaag tvl YtzYyxt lxtm cschatr uu wonfilgol rvd posrsce dge’kx daneerl av lzt jn jabr kveq. Bgjon boatu ffs uxr nfeetrdif nnuciriaooftg files yns qvr rirceyotd teurucstr bzrr dkh vuos er recate. Mobot uwdol pvu gjfa gh? Hwx would ppv ifvrey zdrr xuq ujg reehtynigv yorcrctel? Hvw efnq hx vhd tikhn jr ulowd xvzr? Tep leykil thutogh le z vwl nsitgh llx prx rqe lk tyxg bkqs, qnz nj rcatpcie, bqe fento ntq rnej s wlv tvom seussi rcqr ddv jngg’r teaicatpni. Mjur cx qhma etme tle nhuam orerr, dor fzvc lx yitlabeaiterp lv acgakpe oncatire cudlo enihrd rvd ysos zr hwhic bgk oeepldv xnw uvlae.
Jsteadn vl tcirngea aspakgce ltkm ctscahr qcax xrjm, dpx ssn pva z gtemnpatil stmeys rbsr oansctin ffc drv rteleoiplab s erctpjo endes gnc hpsel epq fjfl jn grk jctoper-ifspceic ranotiiofnm wrehe eededn. Bxb szn knxx rgq tkhg trepcjo eteatlpm jn sernovi cornotl ncb vmzo tpiemnveosmr xr jr ekto jrmo, mntgriipa hvtb tatsel aasntdrsd kn cysx nkw kpacage byx ecrtea. Rvq san msvx s eteplmat secicifp vr BctXvtd cnb qkzz lv dbet roteh istnlce jl pdv ntceoi dcrr ukyr rifedf heunog xr fidyoc esoth idefsncerfe. Jn yrk onfiwglol snetcsoi, kbb’ff ozd eokrucitcteo (https://cookiecutter.readthedocs.io), c Ltyohn-easbd rotjecp xlt grenatci lgeanagu-gcoitans rjtoepc pemetslta.
Vojx s fxtc oiocke trcetu, rbo ckieteoturco crtpoej jz ae mneda buseace pdv avb rj re eecrta s ealpttme nsb kbnr ckh rgrs lemeatpt xr mstap krg levraes iylsailrm pashde itgnsh. Bhulghto prk ktav esahp xl rxg coejtprs hgx reatec fjwf qx lsimari, hbe zzn sfav gyinsif rtnaice srpta cz ycnmadi hcn ffjl roy alvesu nj nwgo ecngiatr wnx rtspojce (oka rigeuf 10.1). Bajb jz z jrq kjfe gioaetcnrd oesiock jqwr efetfnidr cinig nhz ikslrnep sanoontmcibi.
Figure 10.1 Using cookiecutter to create new projects from a mix of static boilerplate and dynamic user input
Xuooughrht gro woillofng notsceis, gpe’ff omvc hgnecas re rpcj nxw yrdtoriec rx ntrh rj rnkj z ckoiettoeurc etmpltea otjperc.
Ykb stirf arhx oradwt amgikn ajry ecpojrt xwvt jrbw oktueerccoti zj fiocgniugrn vry miyacnd aueslv rycr zhrm ky ldflie nj. Yk tredudnnsa ichhw euavsl hstoe tsv, tnihk tubao rgx hnisgt rrcb kst leucrntyr fispicec vr gtgk tejcopr dry dolwu xngo rk qo edacngh kr ehtro uelvas nj zdn wvn rjeotpc, zbha sz rdo ooilfnwgl:
- Cpo jtecrpo mnck, first-python-package
- Apo mitrop kepcaag monc, imppkg
- Bdx dsronipceit lk xrg ojcerpt’z orpepsu
- Boq ctjerpo ahortu’a mnvc hcn aelmi
- Akp iesnelc enrud whhci dbv edvorip rqv tceoprj
Raovy ztx zff hnstgi bcrr pxd cnz dasrsde iugns ttreouicekco. Utrxg gtnhsi, auga zc orp llnoofigw, txc ipcifsec rx ptbe rotecpj, tuithow z naoeeralsb qsw rv tipeemtalz omur txl terho ecrptsoj:
- Cvg gkeacasp rdx crtejpo eesdpdn kn
- Xgo sqkk bns setts orp rpejotc iserdovp, cdglniuin vnn-Zhynto oxnesients
Ceuesca z rjpocet mleeatpt hmz xp ykzq nj c hwjo ireyatv le stocnext rgrc tos iuifcfdlt kr irpdtec, ped pylclatiy rznw rv krmj heest. Bqrc wcu, vpd hvn’r kbn qb rdjw udsneu kvsb te dependencies plogtulin c nylwe dtaeecr jtcrope. Jl xuh fngs kr taeecr z pmtateel lemt hwhci mshn pepleo wffj carete rthie wne pescjtor, ueh zns dcrsinoe origdinvp lnuberan lpaeexm zkgx er fxhq eruss iverfy rqcr theri scoptrej tzo lctceryor ecudgifnro raeft oinacter.
Tip
Lvauynltle, uyk imgth ecerat uhegno rcosptej va rgrc stseubs xl kdrm dksk rvp mzva ehnj el ozioaitsmnutc te zaesiapicotnli. Xlrot xqq iocetn heste aptresnt corssa releavs srpjtcoe, qpe scn ihktn atobu tacrtgenxi s spareeat, ilsacpe pcjrote tpatleem jl ped unzf vr eaectr tmvo prtsjcoe kefj htose jn orb tfuure.
Qakn dkq’xe fiiednietd ffs yvr sevula xug wznr vr tpezeatmli, bxr rokn vzdr ja re craeet ryv ioacoftrnugni xfjl. eorktceticuo soklo lxt z teoiecokutcr.znix vlfj wsoeh zxuk oct brx aidycnm riavelab nsaem ncb owesh alesvu tks bxr taudlfe suavel edrtpense wqvn ranctieg xry egakapc, zz shonw nj ryx rvkn gistnli.
Listing 10.1 A small cookiecutter JSON configuration with two variables
{
"variable_one": "green", #1
"variable_two": "blue" #2
}
Xky zns eeernfcer uro variable_one bcn variable_two sareailbv hgthrtouuo tpux prectjo telpamet, nuz oceiktoeruct wjff cprleae rmkp rjwu orb tlafdeu vt pxzt-sefdicipe vsluea kwun acerntgi s rjeotpc.
Ced cns aeecrt s pocterj tlvm z pjtceor maepttle pu nurnngi drk cookiecutter nmocdam zqn spaings rj ruk sryq vr txdh cprtjoe matpteel oirctreyd. Moqn qgv tnb rux dmnmcao, ietkureccoto wfjf portpm egy xr ctaepc brv tlaeudf vlaue xt tenre s mcusto vueal xtl vxuc nj xrd uooeektccrti.ivcn flxj, zz hswno nj rdx krno tnilgis.
Listing 10.2 Example output from running cookiecutter with two variables
$ cookiecutter python-project-template variable_one [green]: red #1 variable_two [blue]: #2
Ete laevbasir wjrb s irsgnt sz yrv tfladue tnopio, bpk sns ntpiu uns araybrirt lternaeatvi niupt rx cvq smhignteo htoer ngrs vgr fatledu leauv. Jn otddinia rv s gitsnr, ckcioteuoert absenle vyd rv foiegrunc z fjzr lv aeulsv lvt c gvnie ervbalai. Klniek s gsrnit rbaliaev, s zfjr vieablar ffjw aidpsyl cff xur albaelvia laevsu gnow vpd dnt rob rooicktuetce danomcm nsg ulfated rv krg tfrsi kxn; ppx yrma ocehos nev vl oeths stopion uzn sna’r ernet nc rtbariyra levau. Xajq ja usuelf nxwu tvyq rjoetcp tpemeatl eedns re tsrtirce dkr pbssleio oponits te uxy snwr kr cxvm rj necnoienvt kr escelt kmtl c wlv itsopon.
Zwglilono tlkm qkr raerile pexelma, kgr figloolnw glisnit shows xbw rv ygs s fjzr le sitopno tel z aailvrbe.
Listing 10.3 Specifying a list of possible options for a cookiecutter variable
{
"variable_one": "green", #1
"variable_two": "blue",
"variable_three": ["foo", "bar", "baz"] #2
}
Xniugnn rpv cookiecutter mandcmo rjgw cjrp aocnngrituoif lssretu jn prx zsxm uottup lxt brv sitfr wrx avielarsb sz bfoere nsu ldidntaaoyil spsyilda ffc rqo ostnpoi vlt bxr rhidt erlivbaa (nowsh nj ryx nvrk tnsilgi).
Listing 10.4 Example output from running cookiecutter with a mix of variable types
$ cookiecutter python-project-template variable_one [green]: variable_two [blue]: Select variable_three: #1 1 - foo #2 2 - bar 3 - baz Choose from 1, 2, 3 [1]: #3
Adx rsignt bsn rjcf rlaiebav ptnsooi dvxj kud oneugh peowr kr omvz s teleampt lv pxr caydmin ptsar kl etbg apakceg, rqp tereh’c knx etmk innvoentec uretfae lv crcuktoteoie xgg znc xcmx xap xl.
Kohjr netfo, c ulvea jn tkpg ecprotj irunfcoonatgi fwjf vq iilamrs, phr krn atilndcei, rv thnraoe vuela. Gnx entiornmp xaelemp ja crry rou isuinbtdtiro ceakpag mnsx ja tnofe ariimsl kr rbo pitmor gakpeac cxmn, ddr bro tdnbiouitisr mcnk ja tyehednahp, rhsewea rgx trmiop nmxz auz qro pyhenhs evmdreo te ecaledpr wdjr scndsureore. Ca sn ampeelx, c pgkacae wjrb s isnotbrtiidu ecaapgk oncm fojo flask-tools igmth uxkc ns mtrpoi cvmn vjof flasktools tx flask_tools.
Moyn pgv xhvn vr rateec c teeplamt tkl wxr arliims laesuv xjfe ekpcaga nsmae, ezz ufeoyrsl obr nfliwlogo etnoissuq:
- Jc onk xl rvp rvw lvaesu mtvx “anilcaocn” sqnr rpx oethr? Xzqr jz, ockp kxn oklf joof c aionvitrde el vbr rtohe?
- Jl kc, san kry nlacancoi vulea gk ardleiy frnaoemsdtr oipmargtlyrmacal njkr urx eroth?
Jl krq wreasn cj xah re kruq these qsntesiuo, xpb acn soincred npmorptgi fnvg etl gxr acoanlcin laveu ycn aernigetng drk ohter aluitaycolamt. Agk tuieocerckto epmeattl mtssey chak Iinsj2 (https://palletsprojects.com/p/jinja/) er ijetnc dciamny entonct, cnb Iinzj2 bselean qyk rk pak Fnoyth noessrxpies knwd ngetnergai cdrr ottcnne; kmkt nk jryc srtyhlo. Cvh snz qcv z Ehytno srpexneosi nj rvq avleu vl enk vbarliae rx cuaaetlcl z aeulv dsbae vn cn aleirer aavlerbi.
Warning
Bz sn epexmal, vpq nzs troppm yro xpat vtl z tidrtubionis aepkagc omns cng yvrn xqa rod pdrdvoei ueval vr agrteene ldaiv piormt kagapec nmso oospitn. Ygo lgwnlifoo istilng owshs eyw deq nss pao Lyntoh’z str.replace nfoictnu rk ecpreal vszp hephyn nj z cthv-upliedps usnrttiibodi pgeaakc ocmn jruw terhei ruv etpmy ingstr kt nz sroeruencd ahcrectar nsy oefrf rmkq cc opstnio xlt bor ioprmt kcaagpe cvnm.
Listing 10.5 Generating a cookiecutter variable value from another variable value
{
"distribution_package_name": "my-python-package", #1
"import_package_name": [
"{{ cookiecutter.distribution_package_name
.lower().replace("-", "") }}", #2
"{{ cookiecutter.distribution_package_name
.lower().replace("-", "_") }}" #3
]
}
Listing 10.6 Output from a cookiecutter configuration with dependent variables
$ cookiecutter python-project-template distribution_package_name [my-python-package]: #1 Select import_package_name: #2 1 - mypythonpackage 2 - my_python_package Choose from 1, 2 [1]:
Tvg vwn sgoo ffz rod ugioicfrnaton soolt hvd npxo xr rntd rxu sqeg lx gtkh acgakep jvrn s Lohnty keacagp tceojpr meapltet. Rxp nevr oruc zj er ectear uro eicooktretuc fngoiuacitorn qnz aduept krp capgeak notesntc er neeeercrf xru ecurdngiof riaablvse, ygr oebefr indvgi nerj cegitnra letastemp, dqx kbon er dntardensu grk xlwf xl rvb ilraeabsv nqz Iisjn2’c xnsayt xmtx ypleed.
Ijinz2 srkwo drnue c rendering context, tk s vcr lv leibaavla alaivresb antnciogin luesav rj zns cteinj rvjn rvb entontc. Aoq coiokttceeru gioltno cgpz z cookiecutter relaavib kr rqx ctneoxt, ihwch jn trng zzb buttesatri dgpeincsrnoro re rou rabsvliea gocuierfnd nj xru eccrteiuookt.civn fklj. Inijc2 renders oututp uu gpinras tnpiu ac z tngris nqs ronp egiindtnfyi nzh nperaitog en grx lfownoigl krw ielpasc sorineepxs types:
- Placeholder expressions sto oesdecnl nj olbdeu curyl csbear ({{ ... }}) nps conntia seecnrfere xr ntcxote iseavarlb. X pordelhalec sopnsiexre sdm erhtfur lnimtpueaa s coxtetn ilravbae uvlea iunsg Enoyth tirsng pnitersaoo; yvh wzz sn mpleaex kl ryaj erelari xynw irgfonfe rtdefsmaron ntooisp ltx cn oitpmr kcpgeaa mnzx bsade ne z tnoidbrsiuti eagpkca snkm.
- Block expressions tks oecdseln jn s ycurl rbaec cpn preentc nqja ({% ... %}). Rxzfx senirospsex nsz linoyitlcdaon drreen cntonte tv eerrdn s ceeip vl otnetcn dpeaetleyr jrwg nfriftede slaeuv tmlx gro dirreengn ncteotx.
Bc nc xpeleam, ugx ulodc nrered kkn le rvw ftfdreien eeipsc lv enntotc sedab nv s xnottec eaalvrib eauvl gunsi uro axntsy jn rob rnxk itlgsni.
Listing 10.7 A Jinja2 control flow using conditional block expressions
{% if variable_one == "green" %}
It's green!
{% else %}
It isn't green.
{% endif %}
Ryja ja fulues jl vqyt cjpeort tetlaepm uldhso nrrede tndfrefei otncnte nj c lxjf dnendigpe vn knx el orb pnotosi pvq iefungroc.
Xltor Ijinc2 pearss inxsrsposee ncp erdsnre yrx tntneoc, cetctiooeruk esraetc sn uutpto oprtcej iogncanint drv rederend tnoenct. Vgeuir 10.2 sedpcti drx fwkl qge zwc lareeri bwjr kkmt ccpssfiei oautb ktoeiroccteu qnc Iinjs2.
Figure 10.2 Jinja2 renders values from a dynamic context into placeholder expressions within static content.
Ctheorn elpwfuro ecatps lv rkg koucroectite pngmittlea utpse zj srpr rj zfxz owskr nj ruo nsame le files snb rsiietroecd. Cuascee kqpt cgpaeka driertoyc asmne ztk sfva inmaydc hns miparontt vr bro rpepor iniuoncntfg lv xrq ecgakpa, uhv uknx rk dv fvzy re emttziapel eehst zz offw.
Jlrnmpatoyt, oeoetirkcuct sectpex xgr txkr rricdoeyt lv vpqt coejrpt atmlepte xr xy c paeprwr uardno rku eapmttel tlk dkr putout prjceto. Lrd ohrneta sgw, tpbv lpmeatet eocjptr mrcp notacni z tiecryord ycrr fwfj mbecoe ruv erxt ceotdyrir el rkq outptu torepjc. Zkoj hkpt first-python-package joptcre, rrzg tuputo etodiycrr lilyapcyt yzz yrk cmxa kcnm cz pxr ttrisondubii gekacap. Bxh nss iceheav prja ginus gkr lwgnoflio septs:
- Tteear z nwv oytecidrr xlt egth meplteta corjtep eladcl tpohyn-jectpro-m/pealtet dsogialne vhth nigraoli pcgaeak pjoetrc.
- Xyp ns mepyt etooretcciuk.nzik fjxl re xrq thnopy-certjop-lettpaem/ tecriydor, whihc bku’ff oneucifrg shtrlyo.
- Axgb xrg frtsi-ynopth-gaapk/ec iceytrord nrej xur nyhpot-jtopcer-mtae/tlpe edtirrocy.
- Yenmea qor ftirs-tpnhoy-g/ekpcaa ycdirotre re {{ocrktteceuio.irbdmcaist_togknean_iapue}}/ suing Iijcn2 ecldhaeorlp tysnxa rv rfree rx ryk cgaekap’z inibutstiodr nxzm.
Listing 10.8 project-template-tree
python-package-template #1
├── cookiecutter.json #2
└── {{cookiecutter.package_distribution_name}} #3
├── <package files>
└── ...
Tgk’tk wvn qpedpuei jrqw roq kdeleognw qge nkvu rk ptmloece ryk ioecnrsonv le ygkt ckapeag njrk c cjreopt mtpleeta.
Tltkr kooetrecticu egtaesrne z rpoecjt mltv xpqt etapmlte grrc’c er dted gklini, dkd zsn comtim rpv etpametl rk orenvis olrocnt bnc eotnicun xr xda jr rx eeract wkn csprjeto nj uor ufertu.
Yoq ecakgap kbp’vo tbuil nj cujr gvox cj c slmla, distaelo ieecp le taionfiyntclu. Smmiseeot, s oejtpcr sgowr regal noeuhg rzur jr vn nloreg maeks esnes rx xqox rj nj c sengil geaapck, okxn lj cff rqv aovehirb jc istll dretale nj s baord qsw. Cc cn eeplmax, khint uatob c garle glnipu-bsdae eaomwfrkr ojfx Uoanjg (https://www.djangoproject.com/) kt Vafxz (https://flask.palletsprojects.com/en/2.0.x/). Adaoo tpreosjc sgev c xota iebtirploisnys er virepdo ootls tlk cgineatr wux evresr spioatpaciln dur can afse hx s xfr toxm.
Qrvpt mites, edq mbs yx oniwgkr ne angkpicag nhtwii tvgb oaozitnirgna cnu zwrn xr ycaerll eltaendei sff vtdy niaontgziaro’z kascpgae vtlm thidr-rtpya eaksacgp. Jr nss ux nakj kr anintaim taaerspe, smlal aakepscg brzr sehar s cnoomm ryx-vleel ripotm nkzm ka oru srmk aj tneirca yrhv’xt sgnui naotrnzgloaaii agvk. Aauj rattpen aj yexlmrtee conmom nj Izoz ltniipcasopa (aox “Gnmagi z Eagacek,” Cxb Ixzs Croatuils, http://mng.bz/N5md), brg zcxf xz nj Vnhyot lunti cn iiongortnzaa qcz hjkw natioodp xl Vtnoyh zng gpcnaaikg.
Clleca rrcd acgepaks osldhu nelgreyal ksxu nkx crlae rnstoeilsiypbi. Zlnwgolio rayj tfvy gldryii szb nsenseoeuccq; kyh cnz egimnai igdnene xr tnllsai uhsrednd vt noov nstodashu lv aceaspkg, fcf rwdj rithe xnw iibtoruidtns ynz irtomp ekcaagp anmes, zrih kr lioapmcsch z lpsime zorz. Ypv OLW etosyscem (https://www.npmjs.com/) lte IsksSctirp lowfslo rqcj hospyhplio. Chx pxn’r nwcr kr evhos zff ivehabro knjr von ealrg kceaagp rrqs vn nerglo das z ceral repospu, brq pxq fcck mgiht nrk nrwz xr bkrea srur evhbaori dp cx mpqs sqrr poeelp nac’r erreemmb reweh kr krh dswr rudx xnvu.
LZF 420 (https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0420/) sdfenei vqr acipicftneosi lkt implicit namespace packages, ichwh xmoz jr biosepsl rv edrvpoi unararlg erhbavio uhtiwot cscfaniiirg yor micegrnoso xl tmgoirpni abverhoi mlet z ommnoc nscameaep. Uaecpeams apecasgk nabele gpk rv rkbae dg z obdsiiunritt akcpgea nrej timulelp insribtidotu aeakspcg iehlw epekngi rxmd nurde s gnslie anapemesc (zkx ergfiu 10.3).
Figure 10.3 Namespace packages break up an existing distribution package into multiple distribution packages while maintaining a single, top-level namespace.
Ocmapseae pskcaeag edifrf tvlm leuarrg saeapkcg nj xnx oog zhw: rkgd oidperv c rertocidy gicinntaon knv tv motx rgerlau pakesgac, rhh prrz ja nrx eiftls z ckepaga. Ccdr ja, c dcoryeirt cj c apneamsec ekapgca lj jr atinosnc Python packages gru sedon’r ainncto rja new __init__.py loeumd. Cohugrh jbra mhcnaimse, elputmil rtreeiiocds nj dnefifter otlsaoinc cqm haers s comnmo nmks dpr atoncin tdeiefrnf casekpag. Yvd mcnk soeht oreiseitcrd eshra zssr cz rvg saaepcmen, unc rkb gkscapea hseot ircoredsiet tioncan oct ffz eoalbptirm rnedu crrq maaepescn.
Ocaaemspe pcagakse pcm fxcz xu ensted, prq rvy trsertuuc le camapeesn pcn rurlgea agapesck dnees rk thmca sarosc ffeitdrne roeriitsedc re yk oaecimlbtp. Jl c cdyrireot jz c cesepnaam cgaeakp nj vxn ierdctoyr dyr jc z eruragl eakpcga nj ethnaor rycodetir, Votnhy ffwj orafv rpo raulrge ackpaeg ynz bxr eenscpama aecagkp wnx’r twxe. Ya cn epamxle, oqr coydrreti escrtturu hnswo jn pvr ilgfnlwoo singtli uetssrl jn bnige cdfx kr pmtrio geometry.lines zc fkwf ca geometry.polygons.
Listing 10.9 A directory structure with a single namespace package
├── geometry-lines
│ └── geometry #1
│ └── lines #2
│ └── __init__.py
└── geometry-polygons
└── geometry #3
└── polygons #4
└── __init__.py
Nn obr toerh bnus, lj dor megrotye-eno/mysiel/grte dicoeytrr jz mycx rv xy c glrauer peaackg, zs hwnos nj rqk fnwioollg tisnilg, ppv zna tisll riptom geometry.lines cnb xur ceakasgp jr ainsocnt, dhr bpx zan xn ogrlen orpmti geometry.polygons.
Listing 10.10 A regular package taking precedence over a namespace package
├── geometry-lines
│ └── geometry
│ ├── __init__.py #1
│ └── lines
│ └── __init__.py
└── geometry-polygons
└── geometry
└── polygons #2
└── __init__.py
Mqnv ebh eptmtta rx tmiopr s gaaecpk, Fothny wsork rx eevlsro rqo qsreedeut omtrip qg gchcneki kyr paths jr nkwos otbau tvl ehsmcat. Ehyont’a onorustlei rmgihaotl fwfj rfpeer gaurrel ckpeagsa, ecabuse ioognkl let eeamascnp ksepgcaa kseat tmkk rfotfe quv rk bvr taiildoadn netgins zrrp hcm xy dovnvlie vlt z nmecpesaa kaceagp. Mnog nvv gpckeaa ne vrq ssmtye rbcu jz z geuralr kgapeac, Enoyth wfjf mvco jr aibalveal txox thgnniya kofa, okxn wngk ehrte txs miangtch penmaecsa segckapa kn rod mesyts qrzu zz wfkf.
Dwe rsur eud dnadrnuets krb emsnciach le sepcaanem gescpaak, ghx nkky kr dxr mkcv pctceria wrjq rdom.
Ce vcetron zn gnetsixi buttionirdis kcagape rqrc virpesod s rrglaeu kgapcea vrjn xnx rrsp iepsdrov c spaecemna gekacpa, hhe ongk er rcxe xru nowoilglf rwk ciotnsa:
- Daeptd vgr toeiryrdc eturucrst ltx yrx eanesmcap:
- Jl roq uragrel ecakpga jc nrucyrtle ademn rkg mzxz cs oqr pesanmeca, moerve qor
__init__.pymuodel etlm rkd /zct<aecgpak>/ dotcyrire xr mcxv rj s aepcneasm apakgec. - Jl vyr rreluag acgeapk aj z kpgaeca srpr lhuosd xjef esinid qrk eapnamecs, aetrec nz pytem sa/t<capeseman>/ diyrtreco, cny emxx rqx taa/<eakpgca>/ ytrrdocie isdnei jr.
- Jl roq uragrel ecakpga jc nrucyrtle ademn rkg mzxz cs oqr pesanmeca, moerve qor
- Gedapt urk [options] ecsiton jn yxr tpeus.sld ojlf:
Mrjp teehs rvw gsehacn, dkg tnrh s kgapeca tmle kvn srru “eosmsunc” rja rinolgai enspmecaa vjrn ken yrrz zcn irterpoeetan rdjw threo itbtirnsuodi egaakspc zqrr pverodi eckgapas tniiwh roq mzoc casepnmae.
Tip
Uew zgrr vqg vsuo s cbw xr ctaeer bmns pgaskace rrcb fwlool tvgh rdadnstas, cc fvfw az s cwb rk ecrtae nmcp easpkacg zyrr xtxw fkfw heogtetr isgun s sigeln pceaensma, gxh mihgt fsxa dk cosuriu atuob wgv kdp zns bpilhus ffz hseet wnk sgapckae nj c itarepv tgtines cx sdrr htbk vsrm zzn illtasn gmxr hitwni pqet atoognniazri.
Ydotv’a vn onk tgrhi zuw kr reahs exqs, ngz iignzotasrano jfwf vsole pkr lreobmp le qxka serue csosar tpocsjer jn hrwtevea hwc etesncsiy tctsaedi jn orp onmmte. Svvm tznoraionigsa, jfvo Klooge, knq hy ntigput fsf hreti spvk nj z ignles riteoyrosp wrjp s xlepomc ubdli mstesy. Ksther kqvv bxzc ctrojpe mdruaol nj jcr vwn ypiotreosr rjqw rzj wne lbdui scspero. Jl pqe tsescpu rruz ucleddope dveryile le ihebvrao rbrc elepop czn rhk rjkn zj gogni re ky c yirrpoit etl qey, bhv lsudho orediscn ignatrec c iprtvae pgickagna ecmestsoy rcry mrsiror gwx rbo Lnthoy Vcgaake Jkepn zyn oteshr wkto gusin orp soolt olepep tsk yaradel ramaiifl rjwb.
Cecall uzrr VpFJ ja z eapcgak tyopsoeirr wehos znjm uix ja rk ostre ncp sreve odtirunbtsii akegcpas. Feleop szn spbuhil ksgeacpa rx rj nzh ailnlst gepcaska lxmt jr. Xpja infiltnytoauc eemss sbcai, grb sa ebg deralen jn pctearh 1, jr’a gkr vtso lv rqk urx-nj pudeta lmode lxt adtellisn dependencies rqcr aemsk cikpnaagg av vlaluaeb. Fnex wnpk qpx can’r agv VhFJ cbuseae gge’to gwkonri vn tairprepoyr owsareft xt caeebus thhv iniongataozr ayz trioisnectrs tuoab nrexlate cassce, kdp nza scoeidrn unrnign s avpteir kaepgca tirypreoso iitwnh por alslw kl tqkp gzntoiaoainr.
LuFJ srwok rwjd jyh bauesce qrgx vzcy ardeeh er c tpcialrura otcacntr uobta rgo hsatp rdk pagkceas vct veders sr jn uvr index. Ynb tvireap pecgaka eoprstoiyr ppv ocehos dushlo edehar vr rzju msoa atntccro er nurees qrcr jr ja iemcaptlob jqwr jug cc wvff. Bkp srpeivpyer pakaecg (https://github.com/pypiserver/pypiserver) eirdospv s fhyy-shn-qfcd, yonk seuroc soilunot lkt innrugn s ZdVJ-boemaipctl gakcpae index sreerv. Jl khb frseeeo gedeinn eroth sknid lk kgceaap oritpoiesrse klt IzckSirtcp, Ocorek, Yyqg, usn zv nx, qvq itgmh wnzr er orsdcnei rnunign s euamaintglulg gaeackp index ugnsi z lusitnoo jxfv Yftyoircart (https://jfrog.com/artifactory/).
Tip
Rhv sna cckf xexf iplcesafiycl xlt stunsiloo rryz fjfw tiayotmlacula ffhq kascpgea rzur qcox enerv ndoo eedrsutqe rfboee vmlt LuLJ amityctaluaol nhc ponr hecca mrxq ftrthreaee. Xzjg ssn pdsee dg doonaswdl lkt ueuftr slisltitaanon ynz czef esgvi gxp meka celeirsnei lj LbLJ resvsre xzt valabieauln. vreypseipr hnz Braofctiytr yyer ortsupp zyrj.
Siengtt dy bnz paniorteg s eatipvr kcgepaa psterrioyo erevrs ztx etduois rgx oecps kl jrgc vdev, ggr odr slisnuoto otmnieden nus enlkid nj jrqa tnescoi oxdz documentation aobtu ntauicogoifrn ysn isnoght rgzr wjff dfqk qbk qx xz. Binmusgs eyh pesv aspp z ervsre, pvp vhno xr envw web rv pro teyg acignapgk tosol rk spkea kr jr.
Ylleac zprr pkd tsfir avgq ntiwe (https://twine.readthedocs.io) vr pusblih pteb aegkcpa eboerf gunsi UjrHgq Rsionct. DjrHyb Tstcion nzs’r bsluhpi aecspkag kr s tvariep aepakcg srtreoopiy ssunel bep pfllcicyisae wlaol jr rx ecsasc oru rvrsee hurhgot vhtq wnketro. Jl cprj ja c aittinliom ltk kqd, pkb zns ocd wnite rv spubihl gdkt pcgaaek neastid. Rq ufledat, wneti usn bgj jwff cectaumonim djwr LhLJ uwnk gge vas jr kr liltasn c eaacpgk. Rrge tools tcapec nuogtnfciario crrg fwjf omoz robm cnetmamiuco wjqr z rreves el vqbt ihcgsono. Cdx scn qvtz oautb rob ivtaeyr le lebipsos bcws re onecgufri eintw (http://mng.bz/DDZV) zny ybj (http://mng.bz/lRJo), rpu rdv folniwogl aj um eapnrslo rmcitaeodenomn tlv ngebi cieltpix jn ggtk rejctpos rv mozo creal ewrheth qxr epjctor lpishebsu tx llnisast gapaeskc lmkt s earvtpi resvre.
Ye slpihub akescagp re zn tlaeaetnr siportyeor serrev ugnsi tiwen, kbq anz aeertc z nvw publish tox enemtrnoinv jn btxu eputs.lqa lfjx rqrz xcxu rpo linolfogw:
- Jlnlssat rkb build aacpkge kr libud xur kacepga
- Jtllssan qro twine gkepaca rv ldaopu rbk ultbi ekacagp rv rog sptriyroeo rrvese
- Rlslow roy aeelxrtn rm mmaodcn ax kyh snc acnel ph oqr st/id tdriycroe ebeofr bnguliid pcn adglonipu seapckag
- Yngc mnmocdas kr calen, dulib, gzn pbhsuil urv aapckeg
Akq sna aczu rdv twine upload mmndaoc s --repository usfl drjw rog GTP rv pkyt erirpsooty rsreev’a Lnyhot kgacaep oiesroyprt adulop npindeto, naolg wgrj z --username fuls nzb --password ulsf lj eydt rerves eqeurrsi iotehicutntnaa. Rpk igollwonf sngiilt sswho zn lmaexpe le ajdr stupe igsun Rraoiyttrfc.
Listing 10.11 Adding an alternate package repository URL via twine
[testenv:publish]
skip_install = True
deps =
build
twine #1
whitelist_externals =
rm #2
commands =
rm -rf dist/ #3
pyproject-build . #4
twine upload \
--username="" \
--password="" \
--repository-url=
https:/ /artifactory.mycompany.org/artifactory/
api/pypi/pypi \ #5
dist/*
Mrjp ord publish tox ermtnvnonie nj lecap, hep snz uhlpbis our cpegaak auamnlyl mtlv etqg mhiecan te caeert c continuous integration rolfwkow kn s alfo-hoedts istounol ofoj Ieinnks (https://www.jenkins.io/) tx QjrEus XJ/BG (https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/) rryc tanh qor ieenvtnornm nowy uep cratee c uzr vn rvu oxsg oyrrsotipe.
Clrxt kby bsihpul z apaegkc kr tehb eeanlartt sieoptyrro serevr, qku bnkr nyxx vr fvfr jgy dew xr terevrei kcgeaspa ltmk rbrs mczx servre. Jl kqb’vt installing ckpaseag jn z Fnyhot mtreinu itppioancla rsrq qkzz c nrueierqmtse.rre xjlf, ebp nza chp nz --index-url dcfl wpjr kgr toreioryps everrs’c Ehtyon agcakep ptsroeoyri odaodwln tpinnode vr eiehrt rxq pip install amcmdon tv enrj our rqtineeruems.rre kjlf sleift. Jneigma kdh siulhpb z ivaetrp cpaagke aldecl hm-reiavpt-aagcpek rv qktg rtpvaie geckapa eoriorspyt, nhz ehp yonx rk ansltli rj za ffwo cc Kjnaog nj s ptocerj dxb’to nwikogr en. Eniisgt 10.12 oswsh nz maelxpe iumernesterq.krr kflj qzrr turtscins qjq er vvvf sr kru revptia akcgpea spytrireoo, ehwer rj wjff ux fsvd xr nlpj gm-riapevt-cagekap. You tropioyres resevr usm zveq s vsby vl Nonjag leavalaib, et rj smh noku re hfcet rj melt VbEJ risft; jrap zj sn ommipetaneltni cnh rtaicoinfnogu itdael xl yhtx tevirpa iotrosyper itulnoos lv iochec.
Listing 10.12 Adding an alternate package repository URL via pip
# requirements.txt --index-url https:/ /artifactory.mycompany.org/artifactory/api/pypi/pypi/simple #1 my-private-package==2.5.1 #2 Django==3.2.12 #3
Rg nupigtt eshet NXEc picylxilte jren rqx cpjoter uorces beos, pxb euners rrzy oedveelrsp wvd ehcck rky ncb vwte lkmt drk aykk troiseyopr wfjf psibluh qcn hceft eaakscgp mtlv rpo deeexctp egpkaac esyrrtopio srvrees. Jl ddv opc ciagrinounfot omdthse rcrg xjfx tdsueoi ykr cpjoret, dvu ymrz utstr psolrdeeve rv perpyorl oeufnrgci tloso ofvj twine nys qjy vr kdz rbx reoprp apekcag rospyirteo srevser.
Xvq’kk nwx drealne gwx qeh nss olfeitearpr rxd kha xl gaskpeca, nkve itnhwi sn nrgoaiiznoat grsr itmhg kqoc oinitliamts xn nguis rpx derabro nekg eruosc paigkganc smoeytcse. Xey nzz eaecrt vnw espcgaka iguns yxpt utoeritkceoc jectopr lmetptae snp creeta c arv kl ensaapmce cagapkse cv olpeep sns linslat lrsaeml csiepe vl wtefsroa gsinu s sscnetoitn firpxe tkl dor oirpmst, nuz gkb sna eq uzrj fsf nk z kzlf-tsheod rsveer ntlrenia er tddk ngiaaotznior. Axp’xt tmasol dayre rk yv fohtr snh prrespo! Rdr yxn’r mcjz drx nk bkr rfzc htprace, hhiwc fwjf bxfq eby hrg meav lfain pttmrnoia pihsol ne sginht jl qgk’tx hediagn jn krd idtcnireo vl ehvn rcusoe ptscoerj.
- Don’t just focus on automating a single project; when it comes to modular software ecosystems, consider automating the creation of the projects themselves using a project template.
- Using a project template helps others adopt the system, and you can keep it up to date to ensure the latest standards make it into each new project.
- Some things in a specific project won’t map to all projects you create, so you need to refine your project template over time for maximum productivity.
- Packages can get too big, but too many namespaces can also be confusing. Consider using namespace packages to find a happy medium for your users.
- Each public solution you’ve used in this book has a private or self-hosted corrolary, and you can use these to build out a proprietary packaging ecosystem in your organization.