When creating typical applications using classic computers, most developers don’t think about the lowest-level transistors and operations that ultimately allow applications to execute on hardware. Classic hardware is a commodity in the sense that most developers take it for granted and don’t think about it. The details about how it works are not relevant to most applications. High-level programming languages shield us from the low-level (assembly) code, and standards in chip design make it even less relevant for us to understand the physical working of the hardware in a computer.