Cryptography is often called “The Art of Secret Writing.” It is more than that. It encompasses everything from invisible inks to transmitting messages by quantum entanglement of photons. In particular, cryptography includes the making and breaking of codes and ciphers.
Different authors use cryptographic terminology in inconsistent ways, so let us begin by agreeing on some basic terms.
Plaintext or cleartext is the message or document that you wish to keep secret. In traditional cryptography, the message was text written in some language known to both sender and receiver. In a computer setting, this could be any type of file such as a PDF (text), JPG (image), MP3 (audio), or AVI (multimedia).
A cipher is a method, or algorithm, for garbling a message to make it unreadable: for example, by changing the order of the characters or by replacing some characters with different characters. In general, ciphers operate on individual characters or groups of characters in the text without regard for their meaning.