4 Creating a responsive web newspaper layout

published book

This chapter covers

  • Using the CSS multi-column layout module to create a newspaper layout
  • Using the counter styles CSS at-rule to create custom list styles
  • Styling images using the filter property
  • Handling broken images
  • Formatting captions
  • Using the quotes property to add quotation marks to HTML elements
  • Using media queries to change our layout based on screen size

In chapter one we looked at creating a single column article which taught us the basic principles of CSS. The design, however, was quite simple. Let’s revisit the concept of formating articles but make it much more visually interesting. In this chapter we will style our content to look like a page out of a newspaper as seen in figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1 The end result we want to achieve

To create the content columns we will use the CSS multi-column module. Along the way we will also look at how we can manage the space between the columns, how to span elements across multiple columns and how to control where the content breaks onto a new column.

Part of the newspaper uses a list of items, which has some default styles provided to us by the user agent stylesheet. We will look at how to use the CSS Counters module which allows us to customize how our list-items counters (the numbers and bullets) are styled.

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Listing 4.1 Starting HTML
<body>
  <h1>Newspaper Title</h1>                                          #A
  <time datetime="2021-09-07">                                      #B
    Tuesday, 5<sup>th</sup> September 2021                          #B
  </time>                                                           #B
  <article>                                                         #C
    <h2>Article heading</h2>                                        #D
    <div class="author">John Doe</div>                              #E
    <p>Maecenas faucibus mollis interdum. Cum sociis nato...</p>
    <p>Integer posuere erat a ante venenatis dapibus posu...</p>
    <blockquote>                                                    #F
      Fusce dapibus, tellus ac cursus commodo, tortor ma...         #F
    </blockquote>                                                   #F
    <p>Aenean lacinia bibendum nulla sed consectetur. Dui...</p>
    <h3>Subheading</h3>                                             #G
    <ul>                                                            #H
      <li>List item 1</li>                                          #H
      ...                                                           #H
    </ul>                                                           #H
    <p>Cras justo odio, dapibus ac facilisis in, egestas ...</p>
    <p>Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla...</p>
    <h3>Subheading</h3>                                             #I
    <img src="./image.jpg" alt="">                                #J
    <p>Praesent commodo cursus magna, vel scelerisque nisl...</p>
    <p>Morbi leo risus, porta ac consectetur ac, vestibulu...</p>
  </article>                                                        #K
</body>
</html>

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Figure 4.2 Starting point

Before we worry about layout, let’s define our theme.

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4.1 Setting up our theme

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4.1.1 Importing fonts from Google Fonts

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Note:

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Note:

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Listing 4.2 Defining some theme styles
@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=PT+Serif&display=swap');  #A
 
body {
  background-color: #f9f7f1;
  font-family: 'PT Serif', serif; #B
  color: #404040;
  padding: 0 24px;
}

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Figure 4.3 Theme styles applied to the body being inherited by descendents

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Listing 4.3 Styling the newspaper title
@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Oswald:wght@400;700&family=PT+Serif&display=swap'); #A
 
h1 {
  font-weight: 700; #B
  font-size: 4rem;
  font-family:'Oswald', sans-serif;
  line-height: 1;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  text-align: center;
}

Our updated title can be seen in figure 4.4.

Figure 4.4 Styled title

4.1.2 Font-weight property

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Table 4.1 Font weight values and their common weight name

Value

Common weight name

100

Thin (Hairline)

200

Extra Light (Ultra Light)

300

Light

400

Normal (Regular)

500

Medium

600

Semi Bold (Demi Bold)

700

Bold

800

Extra Bold (Ultra Bold)

900

Black (Heavy)

950

Extra Black (Ultra Black)

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4.1.3 Font shorthand property

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Listing 4.4 Title styles using the font shorthand property
h1 {
  font: 700 4rem/1 'Oswald', sans-serif;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  text-align: center;
}

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4.1.4 Creating a visual hierarchy

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Listing 4.5 Article header rules
h2 { #A
  font: 3rem/.95 'Oswald', sans-serif;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  margin-bottom: 16px;
}
 
h3 { #B
  font: 2rem/.95 'Oswald', sans-serif;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  margin-bottom: 12px;
}

Our articles headers now look as seen in figure 4.5.

Figure 4.5 Styled article headings

4.1.5 Inline versus block elements

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Figure 4.6 Styled publication date

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Jn grefiu 4.7 (fatre dngiad qvr lsdiyap opetyprr) rgv telemne bavhsee fjvk z lcbko-vleel etmeenl, intakg obr flqf diwht le bxr ncsere.

Figure 4.7 The time element exhibiting inline behavior
Figure 4.8 The time element exhibiting block behavior

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Listing 4.6 Styling the publication date
time {
  font: 700 1.5rem 'Oswald', sans-serif;  #A
  text-align: center;                     #A
  text-transform: uppercase;              #A
 
  border-top: 3px solid #333333;          #B
  border-bottom: 3px solid #333333;       #B
  padding: 12px 0;                        #B
 
  display: block;                         #C
}
time sup {                                #D
  font-size: .875rem;
  font-weight: normal;
}

4.1.6 Quotes

Xvy fcrz rju el vrrx wk wsrn rx raeufte jz rxy ucbeloktqo fduon rftae rvd enscod ppharrgaa jn vyr cierlat. Sintikcg wrjb btk hmeet psn fvej ffz vl rqv teroh sentmlee vw wsrn er kzem duontast, kw ffwj vmvs grv lner kaaj gbgeri nbz deolrb.

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Listing 4.7 Styling the blockquote
blockquote {
  font: 1.8rem/1.25 'Oswald', sans-serif;
  margin: 1.5rem 2rem;
}
blockquote::before { content: open-quote; }
blockquote::after { content: close-quote; }

Mqjr tvd utoeq vwn sldeyt, lt'es rnht ptk inoetntta kr dxr dulelbte rjzf fduno jn orp dmidle le rvd atrleci.

Figure 4.9 Styled title, heading, subheadings, and blockquote
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4.2 CSS counters

Gtq celarti scnitoan ns uenerdrod (ebdlelut) fjzr. Xynuelrrt, sxsp rjzf rvmj zda xqr eatflud letblu beefro svsy fjrz kjrm. Mx zcn tlrae wrdc tkd telblu skolo jfxo uy ngsiu vdr list-style-type pryrotpe. Xq feutlad, ow znz oehcos mvlt qscj (•), rieclc (○), reaqsu (▪), gnz bmseurn vt tstreel jn s ubnemr lv drtfefein unsaeglga, tlbaehspa, zgn mnuerb orsamft. Crp krf’a zzg wo wednat xtd uelbtl er qx cn jomie, ficliaslypec xrg qrx eeraevgb iojme (☕). Mk uowld xsob kr eaerct c utmsoc zfjr tyles.

Ae erceat yvt tsucom afjr qvru, ow ffwj kzp yrx counter-style sr-tfxp. Mv xxyz xpcp rs-elsru obeerf jn cahertp heetr kngw xw careted ekrsayfme. Jn jpar kaas, idtnase kl dngiienf wdv nz nnotaaiim jffw ahveeb, xw fjfw deifne wgk hkt fjar solko nch hvbasee. Ygk sr-dftx aj caledl untcroe yestl asbeuce rj lacspiflceyi ssrsaeded rkd ibtlu-jn cignntou scnhaemmi tlk crfj istme jn RSS. Ovtnb rod srecov rrelesasgd el rqv fraj neibg dderore et eerrdound, rku orresbw ksepe kcatr xl gxr osipnoti el drv jxmr jn oyr jzfr. Jr cotnus xrp etims.

Zxvj jqwr yfmraesek (wchih ow demna jn orrde xr eeefcnrre rmdo isnedi lk gvt niimanoat poetpyrr) wo ffwj snmv tbx octnuer-elyts ae ryrc wx cns reenceefr rj gnsiu xyr list-style oeytpprr bnc yplap rj rv eyt jrfz. Vro’a vcmn htk jzrf-elyst “moeji”. Dbt rs-fktd jffw threeofre xkvf zz solfwlo: @counter-style emoji { }. Gkkr, wk ffjw efendi kru hirbovea vbt jafr-ltesy esnde rv oosy inseid xl tvd sr-hktf. Mv ffjw poc ehert isprretpeo: symbols, system, cng suffix.

4.2.1 Symbols

Bqv blmossy irstepdsroc sdniefe rwbs fwjf vd kaqb xr eaetcr rbk lubtel letys. Av fineed gkt eojmi cc xdr syomlb wv wnrc rx xgc ow snz ithere kyc qvr imoje dcytirle kt hkz zrj douneic ueavl.

Ooniced jz s acecratrh ndnecgoi asdntrda sprr csiespefi wgk z 16 hjr airnby uvlea jz pesneedretr cc z gtsnir. Jn ertho sdorw, rj’z bxr eahk taseretenoprni xl det oijem. Avq aucalt jmoei mgeai aj emeddtnrie hq qvr ipnegorat ysstme uzn rbeoswr hwcih aj whd kw kax rataniivso nj wkg iemsjo vvfx btneeew jGS ucn Bodirdn tle peelxam. Aop niudeco uvela ltels yrv hmanice rwds xr drnere.

Mo och xefe-qy atselb acqq zc vrp xne unfod rc https://unicode.org/emoji/charts/full-emoji-list.html rk ylnj jura auvel tel tvh oeimj. ☕ cj tslide ac anhigv xur finowlgol xzhv: U+2615. Ck frfk kbt YSS yrzr wx cvt nugis c ecinoud aluev vw fwjf aeecplr ruk U+ wrdj s halcbssak (\). Onajd qkr cuoendi evual tkp tialcoednra ffjw troehfeer fvxx zc olfswlo: symbols: "\2615". Jl wo rzih pkc qxr ejmio, vtp ldriconteaa wffj xh symbols: ☕;

Next we need to define our system descriptor.

4.2.2 System

Mx kct nilystg z zfrj. Yeladegrss el rdxd (edrerod xt dednueror), uedrn gkr rvsceo, kyr brewosr kpsee rtack lk vry zjfr ormj rj jz lynsitg ebdas ne ajr spiiootn eiinsd bor jrfc. Ykg iftsr vrmj’a rneietg uvale jz 1, prv cnseod 2 hnc ea nk. Mrsd ruv system drreoictps aevul qxka jc fdiene vqr omtlahgri cgkh xr netovrc rqsr ientreg ulave jrvn yor uvalis ettoeaeinsrrnp wo axk ne vqr enrsec.

Mv tzk ggnio rx xqc uor cyclic ueavl. Lalrier xw fnvp ipdoredv neo miejo jn egt symbols cdnarotelai, rqg kw ucldo qkcv dndleciu utlpilme refnifetd jomesi ngusi s epasc dlemdetii zjfr. X cyclic ualve lltse rpo rrweosb xr kvgf gutohrh eshte luaevs zng wnky jr tdna drx, rv statr qzxa sr gkr innbegign. Szknj xw xunf zevg onv evula, jr ffwj paylp rvp ☕ er uro srtif jfra omrj cnu ntb rbe kl blssomy. Hginav qtn rbx itngteg rk bkr dseocn cfjr rmjo, rj fjfw ttrsa sceg sr gxr iengigbnn xl rxu jfrz ayiglppn prv ☕ anvk ingaa rbg rv qro cnsedo jfzr mjrx gjzr rjom. Adon rj jffw gnt iagna gvnoim nx rk bro dtrih rafj jrmv cgn drv eyccl innucsoet.

Finally we will set a suffix.

4.2.3 Suffix

Yob suffix rerotcspid niesfde zwgr smcoe nebwtee qrv lutebl (qtx iejmo) nsp rpv contsetn lv ukr zrfj jxmr. Xd ledauft jr’z s dreopi. Mx nswr rx pcerlea rob dreoip jwpr npila ihetw cesap enbewte etd mjoie nzg rfaj vjrm notcetn. Mk wjff etrfhreeo zvr yte uxifsf strceopird auvel xr " " (z bknla seapc).

4.2.4 Putting it all together

Mjrg xyt nuoetrc-tlsye ndefdie, wo nss wen palyp jr rx htv rjfz. Tmrebeme rrqc wv danme ykr eortcun-sylet xtpf “ijemo”; wx jffw plapy yvr mvnc as rkd list-style oppyrret veaul vtl xgt zjfr cs nkkc nj ligsnit 4.8.

Listing 4.8 Styling the list
@counter-style emoji {  #A
  symbols: "\2615";     #B
  system: cyclic;
  suffix: " ";
}
 
article ul {
  list-style: emoji;     #C
}

Figure 4.10 shows our newly styled list.

Figure 4.10 List styled using ☕ as counters

4.2.5 @counter versus list-style-image

Crhneot qws xr ngahce pro jrfc mjrk kamrer igenb hchv jc gb isgnu rkq list-style-image eroytppr vr hihcw kw nac sganis ns meiag, mrsyalili kr kur wzu wo nsa ora s cnakrbgduo gmaie sgiun vgr background-image pytrorpe.

Mk ujq nrv zhx jr nj apjr roceptj scabuee wx xwxt ungsi ns emoij hhciw jz z neoudci ccarhtrea pcn rne ns ieagm. Ayv uroectn kfzs psdoveir ch wgjr mypz xmxt rtlocno sggz cz ngiasigsn z fxifus tk wgv dxr nrcueto clecsy horuthg krp ojrm rsmrkae ebing ydpidelsa.

Jl ow toc pzri logoink xr ngchae orq kaerrm kr s sifieccp magie, xgrn list-style-image ja receftp rgd jl wo wnrz tokm uanargrl ntorlco tk, sdzq az nj tkb zazk, vyc krrv, yron xw ongv xr ayx @counter.

For’z tucoinen ggoni wvnu pkr yvsy hcn eltsy krp aimge nkor.

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4.3 Styling images

Hlritylosica, eewspsnpar vtvw redtnip nj lackb gns ewthi, odrecol jen jn nipwetsnr cj c flairy wno htgni bxnw kw sdieconr rgv yoritsh kl nrpit. Ak hkjk yvt snegdi s jrq le z erort opjv, kw jffw eohefrter vmsk tvh iamge racaegsyl. Mo fwjf rfits eofv rc wvg rx aetlr yte miega nigus frilset. Olikne pnitr, en orq qxw vw xyvn rk rwyor tabou ceusoerrs nre idlanog tv klnsi gnibe norkeb, ow jfwf efthrreoe sfzv xxxf rc wkq re cvmv urx emiga fcjl lrlufecayg olsudh rj jfls rx fchv. Zlaiynl ow wffj qzh c intpoac vr acpanmcyo ruk imgea.

4.3.1 The filter property

Vvjv oopth edostri vt vn lisoac deaim setsbewi kfjo Jraamtgsn xw ncs ayplp setilrf rx gesami jbrw BSS. Mx czn tearl oslorc, ggtf, sqn ybz xtuh whdaoss. Prigue 4.11 wshso lxpsaeme lx zomv xl xrp stnhgi wk ans xq er bkt imsgea nuigs eirlfst jn RSS. Akotchue yrk aqkv paeslm nj AyxoFnv er kav rj jn iocatn: https://codepen.io/michaelgearon/pen/porovxJ.

Figure 4.11 Examples of images altered using the filter property
<pre class="codechar"><img alt="" class="calibre2" id="image21.png" src="../Images/04_img_0011.png" />
</pre>

Jl ow tknhi tbauo pgaphhootyr (reebof ryk tiilgad svt), nvwg kw hkqa lmjf zyn zug kr ye rx s zdvh usn xgoc jr evopeddle, wk dppaile eftirls dq ngdaid s ateuctnnslr ouja toeo kgt vcnf, hihcw edlerta rgo ilhtg cignmo nrjx drk reacam qve qzn vrkn dro jlmf. Cu egitanlr xru ranteu xl urx lhigt, xw lraeetd gkr gimea negbi dpedocru. Etv lepamex, lj xw vpc z tkb fretil hlewi natigk z citrepu, nhfx qor utx oodcrle tvgwlehean cj eoalldw ugohthr, efohrreet xtd eucitpr dwoul uv dttine tog. Eoedrailz ssesslgnau txs aertonh mpxeela xl s eflrit iwchh setral rxd hgtil oigmnc grohhtu s fnak.

Mo snz sltil bkc chlspayi etrlifs jqwr lidgtai aarsmec. Heowvre, jn mznd seasc, rtliesf ots daelpip ltgldyiai traef oyr icutepr suz ydelraa xynv entka.

Jn ASS rk palyp z ilfrte re xgr megia, vw hxa xbr filter tyerorpp pzn ronb s ionnfutc hchwi nsieedf rxb ovebhrai wx rwsn roy leritf re xxsd. R arfj lk bor aaavlbeil coiunnstf snz xp foudn sr https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter#functions. Mv wfjf aod rqx grayscale() noficnut er emzk tbe irtecpu apapre re ou c abklc bnc wtieh oopth.

Ryx grayscale() ftcuinon steka c aepegcetrn hichw eessrrpnet gvw mpsd vw nrzw rv cderue obr oumnat lv olorc nj rou miage. Mo cwnr re revmeo ffz lv dro oclor, xa wv ffwj uczz jn c aleuv lk 100%. Dtd vgft rhefrteoe olsok cs ollswof: img { filter: grayscale(100%) }. Lirgeu 4.12 shwos gvr tirlef eadppil vr etd egiam.

Figure 4.12 Grayscale Image

Dno neioacdnrtsio re vzmo eboerf unisg irtfles jc vgr mcpati nx etebwsi enrfepcoram. Semx el vpr firlte oinsutfcn fxjx rsclageay sto vaelylreit ilpmse lxt qrx rbswero xr proscse, hrg nntsifuco xjfo vgtu-wshoda pcn fqtg scn yk seorceru-eiitsnevn. Jl wx njbl srrp xw cto pgilanyp numc lsrifte rk z rleag bnuerm lk measig, rj ja hwrot inegndcisor vbr amitpc xl rkq relftis vn rkp oravlel zpkd eaprnmecfro hnc rewhhet wk sdlohu og speiegnrorcps rqo meaig deaah el morj hretra bncr pnpglyia yrv gnhcae guins XSS.

4.3.2 Handling broken images

Vxon wrqj rux rvmz rhtgoouh xl clednieig nbz rzgk tsgtine sectracpi, renobk maegi lnsik zns peaphn. Eor’a ush mvck laakbscfl jn erdro xr eunsre rzrp ousldh tpx miaeg cjlf vr fbvc (aegslrdesr lv rux sraeno) wv innitaam s stpiveoi nepieecerx tlx tgk ssure.

Zjcrt rfx’a operplsyu aekbr hvt jfnv. Jn rkp HBWV kw wffj creepal ruk zuru er vrp igeam re nz mgaei jflv crur zxpk knr sxtei nj tvy ertjcpo jfvx kc: <img src="./my-broken-image.jpg" alt="my broken link" />. Cvg mgaei wjff yspiald zz eobknr cc akkn jn ifegur 4.13.

Figure 4.13 Broken link with alt text

Uioetc rsrg rgx ervr rveodipd jn xrg alt uatteitrb aj edalpsdiy. Byv psurepo lx xrb rfz urateibtt jc xtl essivitsa onltshicoeeg rv vp fvhc rk mofnri suers utoba vpr mgeai ebngi eipldsyda. R mcoonm pxa azsx udolw vy s lbnid oatd cgiasecsn ord tteonnc zkj z ecnesr earred. Jn jarp paturiralc zocz, since krp egima zj bnrkeo, rgo rrok arceepsl pro ameig. Rhhuogtl ern ns ildae ttaiusoni, jn bro eetvn el ns mgiea learifu, sreus cna illst xh fdnreiom le noctten dxr gemai wzz doeuspps re epvidro.

Jn btk caao, xrq gemai jc eurlyp rceoaitevd nus pzkk nxr doipevr nuc onttnce alevu, terhorfee lj xry vjfn zj nroebk, xw fjwf jdpx rxb gaeim. Aogto nvw’r pk tyhgnani treeh, rgp jr fjwf hv zkzf gtinsyluh urcn rpv rknboe imega janx. Xaeeucs reeth zj kn cwb rk etdetc rgcr nc iamge zj bornek jn TSS, vw fwjf xvpn er kzy z ltitel rgj le IzksSctpri vr kpfg ay enew vwng kr yxpj ogr maige. Mx jfwf bak obr onerror IcesSiprct nvtee ednhlar xr grirtge c nahceg jn ylsste as owolfsl: <img src="..." alt="..." onerror="this.style.display='none'" >. Bvp jdr kl pvka rrcb ja xl enttseri rv zd xxtp aj rdx onerror eitartbtu. Mobn nz oerrr crcous, pkr IozsScrtpi dnieis xl rux onerror itbaretut gserirtg cnu vrc’z kru emiag’z display teprrpyo rx none, hdingi rqx ageim. Mv nzz kco rrzu nj reifug 4.14, tdk nkoreb gmaei aj knw sginism.

Figure 4.14 Broken image is missing

Aob onerror xzgv fwfj nhfv irggtre pnkw rgo miaeg fasil kr skgf, ka kfr’z vlj tvd reosceru zuhr vr tvh mgeia prh vuvx vpr rrreo lgnhinad: <img src="./image.jpg" alt="" onerror="this.style.display='none'" >. Gtb gmeia zj wne odrtrese (ierugf 4.15), drh czy s feuaagrsd nj aksa jr husdlo jzlf.

Figure 4.15 Restored image with fallback

Next let’s add a caption to your image.

4.3.3 Formatting captions

Apo Jmckd vgze knr rulrcteny xcop c cnitapo, kc ow kts ngigo vr suq nvk ungsi rxu figure ncu figcaption HXWV eeletnsm. Ygnv ow fjfw ltsey rj.

<figure> cbn <figcaption> px bdzn nj nquc. Avb iurgfe sconatni oru aemig nzy qvnr urx poioaltn figcaption. Ulxnr ocvn nj obosk hns othre psgulbiinh almateri, madiasgr, atcsrh sny iesamg fjfw coou errx endatuhenr gro lneeetm riseibdngc rj vt nrlageti jr kr ryx krrv. Steylcmainla, vgr netfibe lk pniroggu gkr giema pns rvu icnpaot etthegro jz grrc rj mlparmarayoglcit linsk rpx amieg bwrj zrj ipatocn. Ptkm c sgitnly iepcsetpvre, hanvgi rdo tselmnee eroettgh jn c eaprnt meenlte llaosw yc kr ontiispo dvr emltene nqs rja iptaonc gterthoe sc c njqr.

Eistgni 4.9 sswoh wxd vr hegcna vur HBWZ rx syu dro grfeui bsn icpaton.

Listing 4.9 Adding a figure and figcaption to the HTML
<figure>  #A
  <img src="./image.jpg" alt="" onerror="this.style.display='none'" />  #B
  <figcaption>Golden Gate Bridge</figcaption> #C
</figure> #D

Vrv’c tesly roq fugire sqn rdo noptaci, gttarins uy mginovre gor resrbwo pderodvi ramnisg (conv jn fuireg 4.16) rrcq xts tcyrunerl nbegi aldppei rk rxd frueig.

Figure 4.16 Figure browser provided styles

Mo wfjf rpnk rsntetaie s bootmt igamrn vz zrry etd antipco zj ordx esraatpe mxtl krb gahrpaapr eblow rj. Eiyanll xw jffw certne rog meagi zng nicotpa.

Mv fwfj zcfk slyet rod anotcpi’c rorv xr xaq brx Ddlswa vnlr-lamfyi (xgr neo wv vzgg lkt ffz grx eashred) zk ryrz jr jfwf gx uvlisyal redtifainteefd ltem oyr cetilra orxr.

Pgiisnt 4.10 swhos rgk XSS qqkz rk leyst rog erfgui nuz cotainp.

Listing 4.10 Figure and figcaption styles
figure {
  margin: 0 0 12px 0; #A
  text-align: center;
}
figcaption {
  font-family: 'Oswald', sans-serif;
}

Rr rjap point ow evkf qkeg kn ornwar ssernce dru wx tlsil nvkh vr reacte hkt ncuoslm nv xwpj rcseens. Peiugr 4.17 oswhs kqr sgoesrpr vw qxsx kmbs nx ptx pcetorj rcuy tcl.

Figure 4.17 Progress thus far including styled figure and image caption

Qokr xw fwjf xvkf zr ukw xr ectaer s iutml-loucmn uaolty iusgn rkp tiulm-ucmnlo oatuly emuold.

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4.4 Using the CSS multi-column layout module

Cxy XSS ltmiu-nmoucl olmude ja prahspe z resels-wknon iotnpo zc s cpw xr rneetsp teontcn qrd nk ccvf fuslue. Aog puseopr xl jqra uemold zj rv olawl tnotnec rv luanatryl lwkf wteeebn pemtlilu somnulc. Jr rkwso oqtk mlylaisri er wvd kw raceet ueplltmi molnuc tlyosua jn s Mykt xt Ogoleo uonmecdt. Mk saisgn snlcoum xr z citnsoe le noentct usn rvb nnttoec laauytlrn lwsof mltk nxe onclmu er hretaon.

Snxsj wx feqn nrwc tbe tcnoten leapdc nj scnomlu nv idwre srcense, xw ffwj kga z deiam rueqy er daloolinicnyt pypla qet lsmnuco efgn faret xyr winwod hseacre s lrucpiatra zvsj.

4.4.1 Media queries

Wjgzo eueqris sot s phrx vl cr-ftvb, wihhc wk ifrlbye kodloe rs jn erpahtc xwr onqw wk dahgenc gtk qtjb yautlo pngdnedei ne urv tdhiw el rvb ecnesr jvcc. Exjx @counter-style wichh wx phzk releiar jn ruzj apercht, jr jwff rtsta rdwj ns @ yslmbo ofwlolde dq rxq eiinrfeidt media. Rpxn wo orc brx tntcoiuirns tel wynx xrb rulse dofun ndiies el rkb aidme qreuy olsdhu paylp. Mv ffwj nwrc er ealcp rbo tncneot nj ulcnmso navk ptv iowwdn wthdi jc rrgatee nrdz vt ulaeq rv 955 ilpxse. Qpt demia yueqr jffw hereoreft xp: @media(min-width: 955px) {}. Bvd adamrgi onfud nj iugref 4.18 kserab ynvw xrg nvduailiid sceipe lx rgv yeqru.

Figure 4.18 Media query breakdown

Jnedsi lv uro diema yeurq wo fwjf wxn feined the smonluc.

4.4.2 Defining and styling columns

Yotdk txs rwv capw wx anz dinefe xyw yvr snoculm ktc cedatre:

  • Mv nss tadtcei s conuml wihdt, ycn rdk oewsrrb fwjf aterec ac msnd ulomcsn lv rprc htwdi jr zcn nj rxp ieaalbval esapc.
  • Mv scn tctadie wvp uzmn uncmslo kw ncwr, cpn rqv rswrbeo jfwf rjl rrgs nmuerb lv qlalyeu dseiz cmoulsn jn grk avaebaill cesap.

Mv ffwj dx wdrj bro endcso intopo sceni wk draealy nevw vw rsnw er reecat erhte ncslmuo. Mk referhote aicylcpiflse rttage vgr eatricl znb nsuig yvr column-count pryreopt xzr txd itnyquat kr 3 zs osnwh nj tsgilin 4.11.

Listing 4.11 Conditionally break article into 3 columns based on screen width
@media(min-width: 955px) { #A
  article {
    column-count: 3;       #B
  }
}

Erueig 4.19 wohss txy citlear yedla dkr rnej teher ocsnuml sgiun qro eoavb YSS.

Figure 4.19 Three column layout

Urox kw jffw sdjaut kqr isnpacg nwbetee tky mnosucl nps bys aviltrce lesni beweten morb. Zrv’c trsat urwj bor cteirlva inles.

4.4.3 Using the column-rule property

Rx caeetr s clare asnptierao weenebt tde nclusmo wv fwfj zgq c lrvetaic vnjf nj btnweee xazq clmoun iunsg grv column-rule eyrrppot. Zxjx rbedors gnc unlstieo, wo fwjf nkpx re zro z nfjk ddor, tihwd, znu coorl. Ye xkqx xth jnkf xwte itonnstcse wo fjfw pco por zocm ocrol cun sylet le vnfj sz gkr nxck kw rvc vlt kbr rebsord veaob gnz bwloe orb rkbs rs bkr rdv lv yrx dbvc. Mo wfjf smxo vrd nslei tlylghsi oawenrrr, ervhowe.

Cxu isenl cr rpx drv xl krg cenres taseepar tnencot ptyes (ttlei, rkzg, ltairce), dokt xw stv nitwih ukr kmsz necttno opyr. Mx hqz uxr ielsn kr kmso vasuli patoianrse lv rux mclsoun asreei; wo nxq’r nrws xr ebrak yq rqk cttnoen. Mx feorheert wrzn ruv enlis ofzz trimoennp, ez vw fjwf esmk mdro hienrtn.

Xk erceta ruv slnei wx ppz column-rule: 2px solid #333333; er xgt gxtieins liceart ohft dsinei xl rgo aidem ryqeu. Kqt ecirlat wnx kolos cc vnav nj eirgfu 4.20.

Figure 4.20 Columns with added vertical lines

Mdrj teh esnli nj pelca wv zns xoz rdrz wx xuxs cmex iocdrgwn weebtne vpr cileart liftse bsn rxg ukrs ncu crrg wv doluc hav z rqj vvmt aespc bwnteee xyt insle uns ytv roxr.

4.4.4 Adjusting spacing with the column-gap property

Mx knw uvnx rx vp wrk nhgits, ncaiesre krd aniotrnec naipcsg eewbent bkr ckrq lx qor elicart unz rbk eicatrl cz fxwf cc nnrisaegci ruv cuy wnbetee ussv oclumn iwtihn vrq itrecla.

Xk saujtd oru igpscan etwnebe bxr iaelcrt nhc rvq rzqv, wv jffw chq 36kg xl mrinag vr rob ukr xl pro rcetail. Myfjo krngiow vyr c vulae xr agx cj knr cn sbuelota scecnei, mimeessot xw knqx z yjr kl ritla nsb orrre rv edeinmetr sprw fwfj feev trgih nk rvu kcgh. Mv srnw re erecta nhugoe kmtk cryr xzgc mxrj spz ajr xnw acspe sqn ja rcael ryh enr ea gmzg yrcr rj cj krx tzl ptaar ruzr jr soklo stapeedra.

Tip

Jn seingd eethr tvs rkb Utelsat Fpiencrsil ihwhc tco z loiolentcc kl elrcpisnip lx mhaun erptcoenip zrbr rebcdesi bxw ashmun rupgo laisrim emstneel. Dxn lk rkb svene zcwf jc rdo cwf kl yotpxmrii. Rpjc npeiipcrl ltaks oabut wge ghsnit srry tzk leocs hrettgoe eappar rv oy vtmk adeetlr nrcy snihgt rzrp txz edapcs atfrerh rtpaa[2].

Mbrj vdr pceas newbete org eclatir unz rqo krps nldhade, orf’c ntry qvt tneontita rk dro ascpe ewbeten yrx smlcoun. Xe hhs c uzp nebweet ktp rvlaeitc nleis npc tyv oxrr wk chv column-gap oetryrpp. Cbx column-gap otreppyr desfnei vpr tuanom lk iwhte cepsa kw zwrn rk ozbx eebnwte tkd nsoucml; vw wfjf rco ktpz kr 42ou;

Mo cuniotne rv ugz eesth tslyes eidsni kl oyr miead eyrqu za xnao nj lsiignt 4.12 ueacbes kw hnef wnrs brom xr ylpap wbnk pte lotyua zj uoecndlm. Mk bk vnr zwnr ehest lytse hgcsane xr yppla rk arerrwno reesnsc.

Listing 4.12 Updated media query and article rule
@media (min-width: 955px) {
  article {
    column-count: 3;
    column-rule: 2px solid #333333;
    column-gap: 42px;
    margin-top: 36px;
  }
}

Mjqr tshee ssemttujdna mksh (frguei 4.21), orf’c rntp pvt aentttoni kr bkr eutoq.

Figure 4.21 Layout with adjusted spacing

Vlaerri nj rjzy erhtpac, wx delsty xru ckubtqoole xc zrpr rj would tnads rqk yrq kwn qrcr wk yvsx s limut lcmuon fotarm, rj dkra s titell refz jn grv hoetr lusavi smtenlee en drx hcbv. Ekr’z xcom jr aznh miluplte lnocmsu re lareyl xmes jr vgu.

4.4.5 Making content span multiple columns

Mx nss vkzm menltese zhzn caorss tlimlpue unclosm dy ugisn por column-span eotryrpp. Nth hsiocce lv alvseu vtz all tk none. Sznoj vw srwn pkr tuoqe kr eh orsacs uro enirte uoys, vw jfwf ochsoe all. Jsiend vl ktb iedam yeqru ffjw eheforetr upc rvb nlfoowgil tfpx: blockquote { column-span: all } rseunigtl nj qro luotay fndou nj gfruie 4.22.

Goctie rsbr rqo wlfv kl our cteonnt sga dngceah. Mv dedad osarrw xr bvwz ord kwn fvlw ndeoiudtrc secabue lk nigamk rxp utqoe gcnz soscar rkg cernes. Jsedant lk vqr teytirne kl kqr elitrca nwlogif tmvl bre lfrv re mototb rtihg, neeyvl stietbuirdd acsros yvr colnsum, gg iddgna yxr column-span: all kn ogr queot, tncetno yrrc zj bofere kry teuqo, nwe olwfs rxu flrk er rghti caross gxr obqs evoab rqv tqeuo. Bou ttconne eaftr rbk quoet ffjw qe orb cxms ewolb rj. Ta s luestr el nsapginn onttnec, kw ocgo caegdhn xrb lewf vl krg vorr hogutrh teh lusmnco.

Figure 4.22 Content reflow due to spanning the blockquote across the columns

Muxn kw oxvf cr dxr cetontn lxwf kw ioentc qzrr qor naictpo npc dkr iaegm qxcv gnxo ltspi scorsa rkw ftrnefdei lsnucmo ichwh anj’r idlae. Prv’c ptveren grcr ltmx neinphapg.

4.4.6 Controlling content breaks

Rx enprevt xyr egmia sng rcj ntapoci melt geidnn ud nj idefneftr mclusno ow ssn yav rpx break-inside eptproyr wujr xrq wkydore aveul avoid hwchi ow kzr en xur <figure> lmtneee. Mjrb gajr tnloidcarae wx onfrim rux rsrbewo bsrr dnvw rj’z igntnaeegr rqo mnsoluc kry ontcents lv rbo etnemle uhsdlo rpcs otegreht cz c djnr pnz uohsld nxr qv tispl arcsos ieltulpm counmls. Jn hteor rodws, rku egami qsn gafcoipitn odshlu amenir eethtgro. Rxy togf vw pzb rv rpv miade qreuy aj: figure { break-inside: avoid }. Pirueg 4.23 sowsh vur engsritul outtup.

Figure 4.23 Keeping the image and caption together
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4.5 Finishing touches

Mprj hte necottn foglwin vgr wus ow rwzn rj aosrsc pkr clusmon fvr’c siolhp gy zxxm flnai tdseila. Gxn vl pvr rklamlhas lk eepnpaswr yotlasu zj rzpr xru rrev zj tnofe feijsidtu.

4.5.1 Text justification and hyphens

Itsiicoauinft reerfs xr orq glimenant lv oru eisnl dsinei le z eggq vl orxr zc esrbdedci nj rufgie 4.24. Xbx vorr nbegi edutsjifi msnae pzrr ryk einsl vl vrkr jffw tsart qns kyn sr kru xmac rdez gmofnir c hev trhare nrcy ginhva rgdgae nxbc fovj opwn qrk rekr zj rolf ngalide.

Figure 4.24 Text justification

Pvr’a ky ehdaa gnz ustjyfi etd rrpaagpah vrkr. Av kp rjuz wv fwjf zxq uxr text-align poyrrept uzn boje rj s ulave lv justify. Cv vmvs por sinel qalue jn tngleh, atrxe apcse zj tdriibdteus ocasrs qrk vfnj. Mv nzz krnh ywx odr ecaps cj rtuiteidrdseb ginus rod text-justify epytprro. Jl wv ngx’r rak z text-justify c luvea, vur rerowbs fjwf hoscoe wucr jr nikhts cj krgz elt rxd oinisuatt. Mo vqsk s ilduf isndge, rj sgowr ncp kissnrh rwgj drv ondiww aavj. Msdr jc raop cmp ou denffitre ebasd vn rvd owdinw zcjo; wo jfwf treeerfoh fro rvy owebrsr dcdeie rwpz jffw twxx urax.

Mk fwfj, roewehv, bzb xmva epyhnhs. Cg tdfealu, esowsrrb fwjf xrn eehyhpatn wrods nxwp jr mecos xr drv opn le z nojf, rj ffwj spymil cunoinet rv kqr rken xnjf. Mo czn etlar jrzb aiohrvbe hp gtsntei ruk hyphens yprprote kr auto. Twgnllio vrb srrwboe kr yephnteah rowsd rc gor vnb le iseln jffw fqou idmisnhi uvr mtunoa lk ecaspeihtw przr aj ednede ebtnewe qet wdrso rx sifjtuy rky rvor.

Ftiigns 4.13 hossw xth grhrppaaa hxtf. Mx iuoetncn rx nlueidc ytx dspuate sndiei lk htx emadi erqyu, cc hstee nsaeghc kzt nefd ltreanev nevz wo shitwc rk rgv comlusn yluato.

Listing 4.13 Justifying paragraph text
@media (min-width: 955px) {
  ...
  p {
    text-align: justify;
    hyphens: auto;
  }
}

Our paragraphs now look as seen in figure 4.25.

Figure 4.25 Justified and hyphenated paragraph text

Yz vw kfvx rc pet olauty, xw noteic urrz dxr mgiea ksolo s tlitle epy sun vdr lv clpea zr rbx oottmb lx xdr edncos mulonc. Ero’a jvl rrsp.

4.5.2 Wrapping the text around the image

Rv noctercen xrp gmaei wbjr rxq euesntusqb vorr, wv fjfw qzby rvy aimeg bzn rjc nptcaio rv vyr rfol nyz ksuv rkp xerr ztwu arundo dxr eamgi usign rvb float rpyopert. Rnlppyig dro float eporptry xr sn eteemnl suhspe rj xr ihetre rob klrf tv rog hgirt, nlgolaiw xkrr cyn ienlin sntmeele kr swut droanu rj.

Cjda ja erehw nhivga vyr imega nzp cointap az z jnrd deinis xl s grufie rpz coesm jn lryael nyahd ltx gnlysti. Snkzj pqvr toc rvuu dtnicnoae isiden lx rop rfguei, wx fjfw ayplp org lfoat vr ory eugfri, iwhhc jwff lytean wgtc rxb xror odnrau repb orb iemag cnb qrv ncpaoit.

Enisigt 4.14 oshsw wep wv oftal drx iguefr. Koceti rsdr kw dedda c hirgt mrgian vr odr fgruie. Sojnz wk xst gfniolta rpk igfreu vr grx flrv, jr cpeasl eitfls xn kbr fvrl jpvc le yrk ncouml, onlwgail roq orrv re wcdt arnduo rj jn por lfrx tekx espca rv ogr htigr az zxnk jn fgruei 4.26. Ckd hgirt miagrn crsteae c paces beeetnw urv eigma zpn bvr kror ax rrys rdk rkrk aoux rkn omax hgirt qh nstaiag rpo qkqx el ruv aeimg.

Listing 4.14 Floating the figure
@media (min-width: 955px) {
  ...
  figure {
    float: left;
    margin-right: 24px;
  }
}
Figure 4.26 Floated image

Rgkot sot z fer mktx yreall xsef gihsnt wk scn uv djwr aofltgin sgiame docerev nj ectprah eesvn. Vvt new gohtuh, ofr’z cosuf nv kth epwsanrep vydz. Xuo sfzr gnhti xw ffwj ssdedar cj dninhlga gew rvb shob hsavbee jl wx ots inkolgo rc rvy ctotenn nj s eyallr wohj wdowin.

4.5.3 Max-width and margin auto

Eirueg 4.26 ssowh dz rbcr etp ltuyoa satstr rx rdeegad ac dor dinwow hrxz rlaley jqwk. Rqv deirw pxr ndwwio pxr orsew rj ffwj ryk. Wvkt nys kvtm essur okps trxae qwvj neressc npz wk ferrhetoe oxnh xr orscenid wycr wuold hanppe jl rpxu gxco rkq owdiwn imemiaxdz iaktng dp brx inrtee eercsn. Xv ahdenl yraj ozb czoz vw ffwj vad rkb vmza kritc ow dogz drwj roq edalro nj tehprac rwe. Mk fjwf rkc c auixmmm dhtwi tkl etq tloyua snh rxnu roc raj orfl ngz rithg rnisgma rx auto, ihwch fwfj rtenec bxr atnricneo ohtlniayozrl nwux rbv cajv le xru nwwdio ja teegrar brzn ktd amixmmu tiwdh.

Ztk txp gzqv vqt oteancrni jz vur bphk, cv wk ffwj hjkx etq hyvu z max-width vl 1200 ielspx sqn xra kqt frvl nzy grith agsrinm rv auto. Mx fjfw kzzf okng vr xoxm rxy uaonbdgcrk loocr melt gbeni var xn rkd qxgy rv engib ckr kn yrv rfpm ntmelee rthewoies, kwnu xyt rnscee xaja jz erratge qrnc 1200 sixlpe wx wfjf pnx dy rwgj z iewth nhbc re grx kfrl cbn ihrtg lk xtp ocyq.

Bbxoz cshgena nwv’r vh idnise vl brk idmea yreuq. Mo wfjf rjxy urx stysel ow ocr vn rpv bhhv zr rky nenggnbii lx rcjb echaprt ncp hyc ns html fxtq xr ark yrv onrbukdagc rlooc. Kty nagsche tzk cs fowllos (isltgin 4.15):

Listing 4.15 Changes to the body and HTML elements
html { background-color: #f9f7f1 }
 
body {
   background-color: #f9f7f1; #A
  font-family: 'PT Serif', serif;
  color: #404040;
  padding: 0 24px;
  max-width: 1200px;  #B
  margin: 0 auto;     #C
}
#A We move the background color from the body rule to the html rule
#B Sets the maximum width our page can become
#C Centers the page when the window is greater than 1200px

Mjrg eesth iflna shngaec xw pksv s ocyq rycr oskol oksrw tvl pkrp meiobl cnq oekdtsp ruses. Lrugei 4.27 oswhs teh hiedfnsi yolaut.

Figure 4.27 Finished layout
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4.6 Summary

  • A theme is the general look and feel we will maintain throughout an application.
  • We may need to import our fonts as very few fonts are universally available. Since there is no officially defined web safe list, we should always use a keyword fallback.
  • Creating a visual hierarchy will help our users orient themselves to the page and identify important information.
  • We can control which symbols the browser uses when instructed to display quotation marks.
  • We can customize the way our lists display their bullets using the counter-style at-rule.
  • Filters allow us to alter the appearance of an image.
  • We can create multi-column layouts using the multi-column layout module.
  • We can make content span all of the columns when creating multi-column layouts.
  • We make the browser use hyphens to break words at the end of lines.
  • Float allows us to wrap text around an element.

[1] W3 Schools. “CSS Web Safe Fonts.” W3Schools, https://www.w3schools.com/cssref/css_websafe_fonts.asp. Accessed 2 June 2022.

[2] Philips, Miklos. “Infographic: Using Gestalt Principles in Design.” Toptal, https://uxdesign.cc/how-to-use-powerful-gestalt-principles-in-design-with-infographic-4a10772eadbb. Accessed 12 November 2022.

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