A networking model describes how messages move between senders and receivers across a network. It frames communication between browsers, mobile apps, backend services, and infrastructure such as databases. section 2.1
It addresses message formats, byte-level transmission, and handling failures when packets do not reach their destination. The OSI model provides seven layers; internet communication is often described with the simpler four-layer TCP/IP model. section 2.1
The TCP/IP model organizes communication into four abstract layers:
- Network access layer section 2.1
- Network layer section 2.1
- Transport layer section 2.1
- Application layer section 2.1
Client request to backend
A web browser or mobile app sends a request to a backend service, while backend services communicate with supporting infrastructure such as databases. The layers complement one another to deliver the message to its receiving process. section 2.1
Use the TCP/IP model diagram to see the four abstract layers together. section 2.1

