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Protocol-oriented programming

As explained in Classic Computer Science Problems in Swift: Essential techniques for practicing programmers

A programming style that emphasizes protocols and composition over class inheritance.

Protocol-oriented programming puts interfaces and composition ahead of inheritance. Protocols serve as the main building blocks, while generics keep concrete vertex types flexible. section 4.1

A protocol-first graph framework combines:

  • An Edge protocol describing vertex indices, reversal, and printable representations. section 4.1

A reusable city graph

An UnweightedGraph<String> stores cities as vertices and adds undirected connections such as Seattle–Chicago and Phoenix–Dallas. Printing the graph exposes each city's adjacency list.

How Classic Computer Science Problems in Swift: Essential techniques for practicing programmers covers it

How deep it goes
Works through protocols, generics, extensions, adjacency lists, and a concrete graph, without developing the paradigm broadly.
Examples
Demonstrates an Edge protocol, an UnweightedGraph<String>, and a city adjacency list.
What you can do after
Builds a generic graph framework by defining protocols, extending shared behavior, and composing concrete graph types.
How it connects
Connects protocols with composition, inheritance, generics, interfaces, and graph representations.
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