An adversarial example is an input changed just enough to make a deep learning model misclassify it. The change may be nearly invisible to people while radically altering the model’s prediction, exposing a gap between machine and human perception. section 19.1.2
Turning a panda into a gibbon
Starting with a panda photograph, apply gradient ascent in input space to increase the network’s prediction for the gibbon class. The resulting image still looks like a panda to people, but the network classifies it as a gibbon. section 19.1.2
Practical takeaways:
- Treat high confidence as potentially brittle: small input changes can produce a different prediction. section 19.1.2
- Do not confuse humanly minor changes with modelically minor changes; the two systems may respond very differently to the same image. section 19.1.2




