A brain-computer interface records brain activity and translates it into computer-controlled signals. Its clearest demonstrated value is medical rehabilitation: it can help bypass damaged spinal pathways rather than promise a complete human-machine merger. section 9.3
Tactile feedback through a robot arm
Researchers implanted electrodes smaller than a grain of sand into a patient’s sensory cortex. Signals from a robot arm produced tactile sensations in the patient’s paralyzed right hand, bypassing the damaged spinal cord. section 9.3
This achievement supports cautious optimism, not claims that minds can soon be uploaded or synthetic humans created. Understanding the brain remains limited, and artificial neural-network neurons are not equivalent to biological neurons. section 9.3
