Evolution is the gradual accumulation of inherited changes in populations across generations. Offspring vary because they inherit mixed traits and small mutations; variants that fit their environment tend to survive and reproduce more. section 4.1
Evolution is not a straight ladder from primitive to modern forms. It branches into a changing cloud of variants: many disappear, while some thrive as environments favor their traits. section 4.1
Peppered moths
Light-colored moths were once common because they blended into light surfaces, while dark moths made up about 2% of the population. After the Industrial Revolution, dark moths reached about 95%, illustrating adaptation through differential survival. section 4.1
Figure 4.1 The idea of linear human evolution vs. actual human evolution
Compare the familiar linear picture of evolution with its branching reality. section 4.1


