A local pattern is a structure confined to a small neighborhood of an input. Convolutional layers capture it by connecting a small set of adjacent input values to each output, unlike fully connected layers, which connect every input to every output. section 10.8
A kernel slides across an input array and detects or transforms nearby structure. Kernel size, stride, and padding determine how much of the input each step examines and the resulting output size. section 10.8
Convolution applies the same local-neighborhood idea across different input dimensions:
- 1D convolution slides a kernel along an array, supporting smoothing and edge detection in curves. section 10.8
- 2D convolution slides a kernel across an image, supporting smoothing and edge detection. section 10.8
- 3D convolution slides a kernel through a volume, supporting motion detection in image sequences. section 10.8
Geometric intuition
Picture a 2D kernel as a tile sliding over a wall-like input array. At each position, it examines only the values beneath the tile, producing an output that reflects that local neighborhood. section 10.8

