A permutation is an ordered arrangement: changing the positions changes the result. A permutation without replacement does not allow a selected element to appear again, while one with replacement does. section 9.4
Use these questions to identify the arrangement type:
- Does order matter? A final standings order is a permutation; a starting lineup is a combination because announcement order does not change the lineup. section 9.4
- Can an element recur? An NBA lottery is a permutation without replacement because a team cannot be selected twice. section 9.4
- Can an element recur? Home and away teams’ prior days off form permutations with replacement because both teams may have the same number of days off. section 9.4
Counting prior-days-off arrangements
With five possible values and two ordered positions, the count is 5^2 = 25. The resulting pairs include (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), and (4,4), showing both that order matters and that values can repeat.








