Q-learning estimates the value of each state-action pair and uses those estimates to derive an optimal policy. In goals-based financial planning, Q(W,t,a) evaluates an asset-allocation action at wealth W and time t. Unlike backward dynamic programming, it learns forward from t=0 by repeatedly running episodes and updating Q. section 6.2.2
The update combines current estimates with simulated experience:
- Apply a learning rate α to the difference between the current Q value and the reward plus discounted best next-state Q value. section 6.2.2
Goals-based wealth planning
Initialize Q over wealth states, time points, and asset-allocation actions. Simulate the next wealth state, update the selected Q value, and repeat across 1,000,000 episodes to learn allocation values.


