Hierarchy
A hierarchy is an organization of entities into nested or ordered levels connected by parent-child, containment, or broader-to-narrower relationships.
Everyday Data Visualization
A data structure in which values contain or are organized within other values or structures.
- How it is used
- Positions nested data as a common visualization input alongside tabular data.
- How deep it goes
- Explains JSON arrays, multiple dimensions, and named objects, without detailing transformations into tables.
- Examples
- Uses pill-container arrays, a weekly schedule, and fruit-score JSON records.
- What you can do after
- Evaluate/understand nested JSON structures by recognizing arrays, dimensions, objects, and named groups.
D3.js in Action, Third Edition
Nested data is a hierarchical data structure in which objects or records contain other objects or records recursively.
- How it is used
- Supports preparing parent/child data for D3 hierarchical visualizations.
- How deep it goes
- Explains parent/child nesting, CSV and JSON conversion, and descendant or leaf access, but stops before visualization layout.
- Examples
- Uses a language-family JSON hierarchy containing Languages, Indo-European, Germanic, English, and other leaves.
- What you can do after
- Builds a D3 hierarchy from JSON or CSV and retrieves its root, descendants, and leaves.
Read how D3.js in Action, Third Edition explains hierarchy →
Clojure: The Essential Reference
A nested data structure is a data structure containing other data structures as elements or values at multiple levels.
- How it is used
- Models complex, multi-typed data as trees to support traversal and processing.
- How deep it goes
- Defines tree conventions and traversal orders, then explains prewalk and postwalk behavior, outputs, and a possible unsupported collection case.
- Examples
- Uses a map with vector-marked branches, a nested vector for visit order, and a workflow pipeline for branch handling.
- What you can do after
- Apply `clojure.walk/prewalk` or `postwalk` to inspect and transform items in nested collections.
Read how Clojure: The Essential Reference explains hierarchy →
Deep Learning with R, Third Edition
A JAX tree is a nested structure of named or unnamed lists and array values used as structured function state.
- How it is used
- Groups multiple state variables into a nested argument for differentiating a loss with JAX.
- How deep it goes
- Defines trees and shows them passed to value_and_grad, without detailing tree operations.
- Examples
- Uses state = list(a, b, c) as a loss-function argument alongside x and y inputs.
- What you can do after
- Apply trees via JAX's value_and_grad to group state variables and compute gradients.
Read how Deep Learning with R, Third Edition explains hierarchy →
Deep Learning with Python, Third Edition
A nested collection structure of tuples, dicts, and lists used by JAX to represent composite inputs and states.
- How it is used
- Groups multiple state variables into one argument when differentiating a loss with additional inputs in JAX.
- How deep it goes
- Defines trees as nested tuples, dictionaries, or lists and demonstrates their use as function state.
- Examples
- Uses a tuple containing a, b, and c as state, with x and y as separate loss inputs.
- What you can do after
- Apply it by passing a tuple, dictionary, list, or nested combination as state to a JAX loss-gradient function.
Read how Deep Learning with Python, Third Edition explains hierarchy →
Kafka Streams in Action, Second Edition
A nested structure is a hierarchical data structure whose fields or elements can themselves contain structured values.
- How it is used
- Models and queries hierarchical JSON records in ksqlDB streams.
- How deep it goes
- Defines nested STRUCT schemas and chained field access, but does not detail broader schema-management concerns.
- Examples
- Uses a school-event JSON schema, nested stream definition, course-recommendation query, and indexed array lookup.
- What you can do after
- Apply it via ksqlDB to define streams and retrieve deeply nested fields and array entries.
Read how Kafka Streams in Action, Second Edition explains hierarchy →
Modern C
A nested structure is a structure declaration or member arrangement in which one structure type is declared within or contains another structure type.
- How it is used
- Models nested data by placing a structure-typed member inside another structure.
- How deep it goes
- Defines struct nesting and explains how nested tags share the enclosing declaration's visibility.
- Examples
- Uses a person birthday field containing a stardate with tm and timespec members.
- What you can do after
- Understand how to declare nested struct members and predict tag visibility at file or block scope.
Related concepts
- actorhas part · An actor is an independent entity or participant that performs actions, maintains or pursues state or goals, and interacts with other entities or systems.
- agent orchestrationuses · Orchestration is the coordination and sequencing of agents, services, tasks, or components to carry out a larger workflow or objective.
- d3.stratify()produced by · d3.stratify() is a D3 hierarchy function that constructs a hierarchy from tabular records specifying parent-child relationships.
- agentic structurekind of · An agentic structure is an organizational design in which multiple specialized agents collaborate under a coordinating agent with assigned roles and responsibilities.
- ActorSystemhas part · An Akka ActorSystem is the runtime container and entry point for creating and managing actors, their execution, and lifecycle.
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