Batch normalization is a neural-network layer that normalizes pre-activations toward zero mean and unit standard deviation for each neuron in a layer. It appears as a CNN variant alongside basic and dropout models. section 9.2.1
A practical implementation places batch normalization between convolutional processing and subsequent activation or pooling:
- Construct a sequential CNN with convolutional, pooling, flattening, and dense layers. section 9.2.1
- Train the batch-normalized model as one candidate in parallel with basic CNN and dropout variants. section 9.4.1








