Determinism means that fixed input and starting conditions reproduce the same processing sequence and result, except where tie handling is unspecified. DBSCAN is treated as deterministic because traversal order has little influence; OPTICS produces identical results when runs start from the same point, apart from possible reachability-distance ties. section 12.3 section 12.4.3
Repeatability matters differently across algorithms:
- For DBSCAN, matching the point order guarantees the same result; its point traversal has less influence than k-means’ random initialization. section 12.3
- For difficult optimization problems such as crossing-number analysis, heuristics may relax deterministic guarantees to find a sub-optimal answer in reasonable time. section 16.1









