End-to-end learning trains a complete mapping from raw inputs to outputs, allowing the model to learn intermediate representations instead of relying on separately engineered features. Its breakthrough in computer vision came when AlexNet learned directly from raw images and overturned decades of handcrafted approaches. section 1.1
AlexNet and ImageNet
In September 2012, Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey Hinton trained a convolutional neural network for ImageNet classification. AlexNet dramatically reduced error rates in the ILSVRC, providing compelling evidence that end-to-end neural training could outperform established vision pipelines. section 1.1

