Local-best PSO is a particle swarm optimization variant where each particle follows the best solution discovered within its local neighborhood rather than the entire swarm. section 9.2.4
The usual ring topology lets each particle communicate only with immediately adjacent neighbors. This slows convergence compared with global-best PSO but explores more of the search space and is recommended for multimodal problems. section 9.2.4
A ring neighborhood
Arrange particles in a circle. At each update, particle 4 compares its performance with particles 3 and 5, then moves toward the best position found within that local group. Information spreads through the ring rather than reaching every particle immediately. section 9.2.4
