A market bubble occurs when speculative demand and irrational expectations push asset prices beyond sustainable levels. For financial research, the practical challenge is distinguishing durable trends from temporary exuberance, especially when company strategies and reported numbers change over time. section 8.1.3
Cisco during the dot-com bubble
Cisco’s stock price exceeded $77 at its 2000 peak and never reached that level again. The episode illustrates why historical price increases alone cannot establish sustainability and why models should flag possible irrational exuberance rather than treat every trend as durable. section 8.1.3
