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X.509 certificate

As explained in Google Anthos in Action

An X.509 certificate is a public-key certificate conforming to the X.509 standard format.

Defines the standard format for public-key certificates used to give workloads strong identities and secure service-to-service communication. section 4.3.3

In a service mesh, certificates support:

  • Workload identity: the certificate represents a service’s role within the cluster. section 4.3.3
  • Secure protocols: X.509 certificates underpin TLS/SSL, including HTTPS. section 4.3.3
  • Mutual TLS: issued certificates enable transport authentication and encrypted service communication without application-code changes. section 4.3.3
  • Operational automation: Istio agents and istiod automate key and certificate issuance, distribution, and rotation. section 4.3.3

Certificate-authority configurations

Istio can use a self-signed root certificate by default, or an administrator-specified root certificate and key, including a delegated CA signing certificate and key. Existing enterprise CA material is the common choice for enterprise deployments. section 4.3.3

How Google Anthos in Action covers it

How deep it goes
Explains certificate purpose, CA configuration options, protocol use, and automated rotation, but not certificate fields or encoding internals.
Examples
Uses self-signed roots, administrator-specified roots, delegated CA signing certificates, and automated workload certificate rotation.
What you can do after
Operate/configure Istio certificate authorities and understand how issued certificates enable workload identity and mutual TLS.
How it connects
Connects X.509 certificates with certificate authorities, TLS, HTTPS, mutual TLS, Envoy proxies, and service-mesh authentication.

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