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What you will learn in Python Workout: 50 ten-minute exercises

50 ten-minute exercises

by Reuven M. Lerner

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Chapter by chapter

Concepts explained in this book

• attributeAn attribute is a named value or behavior associated with a Python object or class and accessed through attribute syntax.
• inheritanceInheritance is an object-oriented technique in which a class derives functionality from an existing parent class and can add or modify that functionality.
• moduleA module is a distinct, bounded software unit that groups related code or functionality and provides an organizational or interaction boundary within a larger system.
• MapA dict is Python's mutable mapping type that associates hashable keys with values.
• generator expressionA generator expression is Python expression syntax that lazily produces successive values from an iterable instead of constructing the entire result collection immediately.
• integerAn integer is a Python numeric value representing a whole number without a fractional component.
• stringA string is a Python sequence type representing text as an ordered collection of Unicode characters.
• generatorA generator function is a Python function that produces a generator by yielding successive values while preserving its execution state between yields.
• iterableAn iterable is a Python object that can provide its elements sequentially to an iteration process.
• with statementA Python compound statement that manages one or more context-managed objects and ensures their cleanup when the block exits.
• methodA function associated with a class or object that defines an operation callable in the context of that class or object.
• ICPOA name-resolution order for locating attributes across an instance, its class, parent classes, and the object hierarchy.
• import statementAn import statement is a source-code declaration that makes names or definitions from another module, package, or namespace available in the current scope.
• immutable collectionA property of an object whose state cannot be changed after the object is created.
• iteratorAn iterator is an object that provides successive elements of an iterable, typically one element at a time.
• global variableA global variable is a variable defined outside a function and accessible through the module's global scope.
• constructor method__init__ is a Python instance method that initializes an object during instance creation.
• joinstr.join is a Python string method that concatenates an iterable of strings with the calling string placed between adjacent elements.
• classA class is a programming-language construct that defines a type’s structure or behavior and provides a basis for creating or representing objects.
• don't repeat yourself principleThe software-development principle of avoiding duplicated knowledge or logic by defining it once and reusing it.
• newlineA line feed is the control character that marks a line break and is represented by ASCII code 10.
• dictionary comprehensionA dict comprehension is Python expression syntax for constructing a dictionary by iterating over an iterable and producing key-value pairs, optionally with filtering or transformation.
• __next____next__ is a Python special method that returns an iterator's next value and signals exhaustion when no values remain.
• context managerA Python object implementing the context-management protocol for establishing and cleaning up a managed execution context.
• loopA loop is a control-flow construct that repeatedly executes a block of code.
• tupleA tuple is an ordered, finite Python sequence that is commonly immutable and can contain elements of different types.
• sys.pathsys.path is the Python list of directory path strings searched by the import system for modules and packages.
• __iter__A Python method that returns an iterator for an object, commonly returning the object itself when it is its own iterator.
• StopIterationStopIteration is the Python exception raised by an exhausted iterator to signal that no further values are available.
• sortedsorted is a Python built-in function that returns the elements of an iterable in sorted order as a new list.
• Bowl.add_scoopsBowl.add_scoops is a book-specific method that adds Scoop objects to a Bowl subject to its capacity limit.
• yieldyield is a Python statement that produces a value from a generator function while suspending its execution until the next value is requested.
• name-value pairA name-value pair is a data association in which an identifying name or key corresponds to a value.
• self parameterself is the conventional first parameter of a Python instance method that refers to the instance on which the method was invoked.
• splitstr.split is a Python string method that divides a string into a list of substrings using a specified separator or runs of whitespace by default.
• BowlBowl is a book-specific Python class representing a bowl that limits the number of scoops it can contain.
• infinite loopA loop whose condition remains true until an explicit control-flow operation exits it.
• empty stringAn empty string is a string containing zero characters.
• UnicodeA character-representation standard that assigns abstract code points to characters across writing systems and symbols.
• UTF-8UTF-8 is a variable-width Unicode character encoding that represents characters using one to four eight-bit code units.
• CSVCSV is a delimited text format in which records are typically represented as lines and fields are separated by a delimiter such as a comma.
• setA set is a Python collection of distinct, unordered elements.
• dict.getdict.get is a Python dictionary method that returns the value for a key or a specified default when the key is absent.
• slicingSlicing selects or partitions a portion of an indexed sequence or multidimensional array, often along specified indices or dimensions.
• input()input is a Python built-in function that displays a prompt and returns the user's response as a string.
• __str__A Python special method that returns an object's user-oriented string representation.
• standard libraryA standard library is a collection of reusable modules, types, functions, APIs, and other facilities distributed with a programming language implementation or platform.
• JSONA JSON file is a text file whose contents are serialized according to the JSON format.
• dynamic typingDynamic typing is a type system property in which an object's type is determined and checked at runtime rather than declared statically for each variable.
• type hintsA type annotation is optional Python syntax that associates a name or expression with an intended type without enforcing that type at runtime.
• default valueA function parameter that has a predefined value when the caller omits it.
• import aliasA module alias is an alternate name bound to an imported module by an import statement using as.
• Python Package IndexPyPI is the Python Package Index, a repository and distribution service for Python packages.
• openopen is a Python built-in function that creates and returns a file object for accessing a named file in a specified mode.
• scopeA local variable is a variable whose scope is limited to the function in which it is defined.
• closureA closure is a function that retains access to variables from its defining lexical environment after the enclosing function has returned.
• enclosing functionAn enclosing function is a lexically surrounding function whose local bindings can be accessed by a nested function.
• LEGBLEGB is Python's name-resolution order of local, enclosing-function, global, and built-in scopes.
• object-oriented programmingObject-oriented programming is a programming paradigm that organizes software around objects defined by classes containing state and behavior.
• file objectAn output file is a file created or written by a program to store generated data.
• __repr__A Python special method that returns an object's developer-oriented string representation, conventionally one that could represent the object in valid Python syntax.
• garbage collectionGarbage collection is the automatic reclamation of memory occupied by objects that are no longer accessible.
• mysummysum is a book-specific function intended to accept separate numeric arguments and return their sum.
• PythonPython 3 is the major version of the Python programming language in which input returns text entered by the user.
• f-stringA Python string literal prefixed with f that evaluates embedded expressions and supports format specifications.
• **kwargsPython function-parameter syntax that collects an arbitrary number of keyword arguments into a dictionary.
• random modulePython's standard-library module for generating pseudorandom values and selecting elements.
• file-like objectA file-like object is an object that exposes an interface resembling file operations such as reading and writing without necessarily being backed by a filesystem file.
• dispatch tableA dispatch table is a mapping from keys representing operations or cases to callable implementations selected at runtime.
• ScoopScoop is a book-specific Python object type representing an individual scoop that can be placed in a Bowl.
• glob moduleglob is a Python standard-library module for finding filesystem pathnames that match shell-style wildcard patterns.
• functional, stateless philosophyFunctional programming is a programming paradigm that emphasizes composing functions, minimizing mutable state, and transforming inputs into outputs.
• built-in namespaceThe built-ins namespace is Python's namespace containing names available as a final fallback during ordinary name resolution, including built-in functions and types.
• attribute lookupAttribute lookup is the runtime process Python uses to resolve a named attribute accessed through an object.
• dataclassdataclass is a Python standard-library decorator that generates class boilerplate such as an initializer, representations, and comparison methods from declared fields.
• default_factorydefault_factory is a dataclass field configuration that supplies a callable for creating a fresh default value for each instance.
• typing.Listtyping.List is a generic type-annotation construct describing lists whose elements have a specified type.
• typing moduleThe typing module is Python's standard-library module providing constructs for expressing and inspecting type annotations.
• randintrandint is a function that returns a pseudo-random integer within an inclusive lower and upper bound.
• superclassA parent class is a class whose attributes and behavior are inherited by a derived child class.
• operator moduleThe operator module is a Python standard-library module providing function equivalents for many built-in operators.
• jsonThe Python standard-library json module serializes Python objects to JSON and parses JSON into Python objects.
• json.loadjson.load() is a Python function that reads and parses JSON from a file-like object into the corresponding Python value.
• sorting algorithmSorting is the technique of arranging elements according to an ordering determined by their values or derived comparison keys.
• key parameterA parameter accepted by sorting functions that specifies a callable for extracting comparison keys from items.
• membership operatorPython's membership operator tests whether a value occurs within a container or iterable.
• os.listdiros.listdir is a Python standard-library function that returns the names of entries in a specified directory.
• floating-point arithmeticA floating-point value is a numeric value represented using a finite-precision significand and exponent, allowing fractional values and a wide magnitude range.
• global statementThe global statement declares that assignments and references to specified names in a function use the module-level global bindings.
• nonlocal statementThe nonlocal keyword declares that assignments in a nested function target a binding in an enclosing function rather than a new local binding.
• filteringFiltering is the technique of retaining elements that satisfy a condition while excluding others.
• zipzip is a Python built-in function that aggregates corresponding elements from multiple iterables into tuples until the shortest iterable is exhausted.
• data structureA data structure is an organized representation for storing and manipulating data in a program.
• expressionAn expression is a syntactic construct that Python evaluates to produce a value.
• linear time complexityAn asymptotic time complexity that grows proportionally with the number of elements processed.
• __name__ attributeA Python attribute containing the name associated with a module or class.
• items methoddict.items is the dictionary method that returns an iterator over the dictionary's key-value pairs.
• os.path.joinos.path.join is a Python standard-library function that joins path components using the separator conventions of the current operating system.
• break statementA Python control-flow statement that immediately terminates the innermost enclosing loop.
• keyA hashable identifier used by a dictionary to associate a stored value with a lookup name.
• boolean contextA Python evaluation context in which an object's truth value determines conditional or logical behavior.
• defaultdictA defaultdict is a dictionary subclass that creates and returns a default value for a missing key using a configured factory function.
• csvThe Python standard-library module that provides functionality for reading and writing comma-separated values and related delimited records.
• hashableA hashable type has values with stable hash values and can therefore be used for dictionary keys or set elements.
• CounterCounter is a dictionary subclass in Python's standard library that maps hashable objects to their integer counts.
• indexable typeAn indexable type is a type whose values support selecting an element or subsequence by a numeric index or slice.
• memory allocationMemory allocation is the process of reserving storage for data during program execution.
• sys.getsizeofsys.getsizeof is a Python function that returns the shallow memory size of an object in bytes.
• arrayAn array is an indexed, ordered collection of elements arranged in one or more dimensions, with elements accessed by position.
• __new__A Python special method responsible for creating and returning a new instance before initialization occurs.
• dict.setdefaultdict.setdefault is a dictionary method that returns a key's value and inserts the key with a default value when the key is absent.
• Counter.most_commonCounter.most_common is a method that returns counted items and their frequencies in descending frequency order, optionally limited to a specified number of items.
• constant timeAn asymptotic time complexity that remains bounded independently of the number of elements processed.
• unhashableUnhashable describes a Python object whose value cannot be used as a dictionary key or set element because it lacks a suitable stable hash value.
• context manager protocolThe context manager protocol is the Python protocol defined by an object's __enter__ and __exit__ methods for managing a with statement's context.
• __enter__ methodThe __enter__ method is a special Python method invoked when execution enters a context manager and whose return value is bound by the with statement.
• __exit__ methodThe __exit__ method is a special Python method invoked when execution leaves a context manager and commonly performs cleanup or handles exceptions.
• inner functionAn inner function is a function defined within the body of another function.
• DecimalDecimal is a Python numeric class that provides decimal floating-point arithmetic with explicitly represented base-ten values.
• format methodstr.format is a Python string method that produces formatted text by substituting values into replacement fields.
• __all____all__ is a module-level sequence that specifies which names are exported by a wildcard import from that module.
• distribution packageA distribution package is a distributable wrapper containing a Python package together with metadata, dependencies, tests, licensing information, and installation instructions.
• __init__.py__init__.py is the conventional initialization file whose execution initializes a Python package when the package is imported.
• poetryPoetry is a Python dependency-management and packaging tool that creates, builds, and publishes Python projects.

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