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What you will learn in Python Workout, Second Edition

200 ten-minute exercises

by Reuven M. Lerner

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Chapter by chapter

Concepts explained in this book

• MapA dictionary is a mutable mapping in Python that associates hashable keys with values and preserves insertion order in modern implementations.
• inheritanceInheritance is the Python class relationship in which a derived class receives attributes and behavior from one or more base classes.
• integerAn integer is a whole-number numeric value without a fractional part, represented in Python by the int type.
• iterableAn iterable is a Python object that can provide its elements one at a time for iteration.
• functionA function is a callable program unit that encapsulates operations and can accept inputs and produce a result.
• generator expressionA generator expression is Python syntax that lazily produces values from an iteration expression without immediately constructing the resulting collection.
• stringA string is an immutable sequence of characters in Python, including text assembled with formatting.
• attributeAn attribute is a named value associated with a Python object and accessed through attribute lookup.
• import statementA module import is the Python operation that loads a module and makes its definitions available to importing code.
• generatorA generator function is a Python function containing yield that returns a generator object when called and resumes execution incrementally when iterated.
• with statementA with statement is Python syntax that executes a block under the management of a context manager and invokes the manager's entry and exit behavior.
• tupleA tuple is an immutable ordered collection in Python that can represent a fixed record of related fields.
• ICPOICPO is a mnemonic for Python attribute lookup order: instance, class, parents, and object.
• constructor methodThe __init__ method is Python's special instance-initialization method, called after an object is created to initialize its attributes.
• listA list is a mutable ordered collection in Python.
• classA class is a Python construct that defines the attributes and behavior of objects and can serve as a template for creating them.
• splitstr.split is the Python string method that divides a string into a list of substrings using a specified separator or, by default, runs of whitespace.
• joinjoin is the Python string method that concatenates iterable elements with the string on which it is called as a separator.
• scopeA scope is the region of Python code in which a name can be resolved according to the language's name-lookup rules.
• slice objectA slice is a Python specification of start, stop, and step bounds for selecting elements from a sequence or other sliceable object.
• data conversionType conversion is the transformation of a value from one data type to another, often by calling a target type as a constructor.
• input()The input function reads a line of text from standard input, optionally displaying a prompt, and returns it as a string.
• setA set is an unordered collection of distinct hashable values in Python.
• methodA method is a function associated with an object or class and invoked through that association.
• iteratorThe iterator protocol is the Python protocol through which an object supplies successive values for iteration.
• loopA for loop is a control-flow construct that repeatedly executes a block while iterating over items in an iterable.
• name-value pairA key-value pair is a two-part dictionary entry consisting of a key and its associated value.
• __next__The __next__ method is Python's special method that returns the next value from an iterator or raises StopIteration when no values remain.
• newlineA newline character is a control character representing the boundary between lines of text.
• superclassA parent class is a Python class from which a child class or subclass inherits attributes and behavior.
• sys.pathsys.path is the list of directory names that Python searches when locating importable modules and packages.
• sortedsorted is a Python built-in function that returns a new list containing the items from an iterable in sorted order.
• object-oriented programmingObject-oriented programming is a programming paradigm that organizes software around objects that combine state and behavior.
• named argumentA keyword argument is an argument passed by associating a value with a parameter name in a function call.
• sorting algorithmSorting is the technique of arranging elements according to an ordering determined by their values or derived comparison keys.
• dict.getdict.get is the dictionary method that returns the value associated with a key or a specified default when the key is absent.
• __iter__The __iter__ method is Python's special method for returning an iterator associated with an iterable object.
• dynamic typingDynamic typing is a type system in which values have runtime types and names can refer to values of different types without fixed variable declarations.
• closureA closure is a function that retains access to variables from an enclosing function scope after that enclosing function has returned.
• enclosing functionAn enclosing function is a function whose scope contains the definition or execution context of a nested function.
• LEGBThe LEGB rule is Python's variable-lookup order of local, enclosing, global, and built-in scopes.
• StopIterationStopIteration is the Python exception raised by an exhausted iterator to signal that no more values are available.
• glob moduleglob is a Python standard-library module for finding pathnames that match shell-style wildcard patterns.
• namespaceA namespace is a mapping that associates names with objects and separates those names from other naming contexts.
• splat operatorThe splat operator is Python's asterisk syntax for collecting multiple function arguments into a parameter or unpacking an iterable into separate function arguments.
• str.isdigitstr.isdigit is a Python string method that returns whether all characters in a string are decimal digits and the string is nonempty.
• variadic argumentsA variadic positional parameter collects an arbitrary number of positional arguments into a tuple.
• default valueA default parameter is a function parameter that receives a specified fallback value when no argument is supplied.
• dictionary comprehensionA dict comprehension is Python syntax for constructing a dictionary by iterating over an iterable and computing key-value pairs, optionally subject to filtering.
• file-like objectA file-like object is an object that provides an interface resembling a file, including operations such as reading, writing, or iteration.
• f-stringAn f-string is a Python string literal that evaluates embedded expressions and formats their values into the resulting string.
• infinite loopAn infinite loop is a loop whose condition remains true so that execution continues until an explicit exit changes the control flow.
• abstractionAbstraction is the representation of functionality at a level that hides lower-level implementation details.
• JSONJSON is a text-based data-interchange format that represents structured values such as objects, arrays, strings, numbers, booleans, and null.
• lambdalambda is Python syntax for creating an anonymous function from parameters and a single expression.
• exceptionAn exception is a Python runtime event representing an abnormal condition that can interrupt normal execution and be handled by exception-handling constructs.
• yieldyield is a Python statement or expression that produces a value from a generator function while suspending its execution for later resumption.
• file objectA file is a persistent named storage resource that Python can open, read, write, and close.
• os.path.joinos.path.join is a Python standard-library function that combines path components using the separator conventions of the current operating system.
• break statementbreak is a Python statement that exits the innermost enclosing loop.
• PythonPython is a general-purpose, high-level programming language known for readable syntax and broad application support.
• randintrandom.randint is a Python standard-library function that returns a pseudorandom integer between two specified inclusive bounds.
• random moduleThe random module is Python's standard-library module for generating pseudorandom values and making pseudorandom selections.
• operator moduleThe operator module is a Python standard-library module that provides function forms of built-in operators and related operations.
• attribute lookupAttribute lookup is Python's process for resolving an attribute name through an object's instance, class, inheritance hierarchy, and ultimate base object.
• dataclassA dataclass is a Python class whose commonly generated methods and field handling are supplied by the dataclass mechanism.
• type hintsA type annotation is syntax that associates a name or expression with an intended type without itself enforcing runtime type checking.
• dispatch tableA dispatch table is a mapping from selectable operation identifiers to callable implementations that can be looked up and invoked.
• jsonThe json module is Python's standard-library module for encoding Python objects as JSON and decoding JSON into Python objects.
• json.loadjson.load is a Python function that parses a JSON document from a text file-like object and returns the corresponding Python object.
• floating-point arithmeticfloat is Python's built-in constructor and conversion function for creating floating-point number objects.
• functional, stateless philosophyFunctional programming is a programming paradigm that emphasizes composing computations as functions and minimizing mutable state and side effects.
• openopen is Python's built-in function for opening a file and returning a file object for reading, writing, or appending.
• vowelA vowel sound is a speech sound articulated with an open vocal tract and functioning as the vocalic nucleus of a syllable.
• built-in namespacebuiltins is Python's namespace and module containing names automatically available to Python code.
• global statementThe global statement declares that assignments and name accesses in a function refer to a module-level global name.
• nonlocal statementThe nonlocal keyword declares that assignments in a nested function refer to a name in an enclosing function scope.
• delimiterA delimiter is a character or sequence of characters that separates adjacent fields or values in structured text.
• __repr____repr__ is Python's special method for producing an object's developer-oriented string representation, conventionally one that is unambiguous and potentially valid Python syntax.
• numeric baseA number base is the radix that determines the positional values of digits in a numeral system.
• callableA callable is a Python object that can be invoked using call syntax with parentheses.
• CSVA CSV file is a text file that represents tabular records with fields separated by delimiters, commonly commas.
• class hierarchyA class hierarchy is an organization of classes into parent-child relationships that represent shared and specialized behavior.
• membership operatorThe in operator is Python's membership operator for testing whether a value occurs in a container or iterable.
• pass statementThe pass statement is a Python statement that performs no operation while satisfying a syntactic requirement for a statement block.
• keyA dictionary key is a hashable value used to identify and retrieve a value in a Python dictionary.
• defaultdictdefaultdict is a collections class that supplies a default value for missing dictionary keys by calling a configured factory.
• enumerateThe enumerate function returns an iterator that yields pairs containing sequential indices and values from an iterable.
• filteringFiltering is a technique that selects elements satisfying a specified condition and excludes the others.
• function argumentA function argument is a value supplied to a function call for use by the corresponding parameter.
• indexingAn index is a numeric position identifying an element within an ordered sequence.
• packageA package is a Python namespace that organizes related modules and subpackages, typically represented by a directory.
• CounterCounter is a Python class in the collections module that maps hashable elements to their occurrence counts.
• boolean contextA Boolean context is a Python evaluation context in which an object's truth value determines control flow or a conditional result.
• atomic typeA type is a classification of Python objects that determines their values, behavior, and supported operations.
• expressionAn expression is Python syntax that evaluates to a value.
• hashableA hashable object is a Python object with a stable hash value that can be used as a dictionary key.
• comparisonA comparison operator is a Python operator that evaluates a relationship between two values and produces a Boolean result.
• assignmentAssignment is the Python operation that binds a value to a name or assigns it to a target.
• __new____new__ is a Python special method that creates and returns a new instance before initialization occurs.
• indexable typeAn indexable type is a type whose values support access by an integer index or a slice.
• arrayAn array is a data structure whose elements occupy a fixed-size, homogeneous sequence of storage positions.
• don't repeat yourself principleThe DRY principle is a software-development principle that avoids duplicating knowledge or logic by expressing it once and reusing it.
• csvThe csv module is Python's standard-library module for reading and writing comma-separated and other delimiter-separated tabular data.
• dict.setdefaultdict.setdefault is a dictionary method that returns a key's value and inserts the key with a default value when the key is absent.
• tuple unpackingUnpacking is a Python assignment operation that extracts elements from an iterable into separate targets.
• Counter.most_commonCounter.most_common is a Counter method that returns elements and their counts ordered from most common to least common.
• passwd fileA passwd file is a Unix system file containing account records such as usernames and login-shell information.
• constant timeConstant time is a computational complexity in which execution time does not grow with the size of the input.
• hash functionA hash function is a function that maps a hashable Python object to an integer hash value used by hash-based data structures.
• object systemAn object system is the collection of language mechanisms governing object creation, classes, inheritance, and object interactions.
• inner functionAn inner function is a function defined within the scope of another function or enclosing code block.
• side effectA side effect is an observable change or interaction produced by an operation in addition to its returned value.
• __all____all__ is a module-level sequence of names that defines the names exported by a wildcard import.
• directory structureA directory is a filesystem container that organizes files and other directories under a name.
• distribution packageA distribution package is an installable Python distribution containing package code, metadata, dependencies, licensing information, and installation instructions.
• __init__.py__init__.py is a conventional Python package file whose code is executed when the containing package is imported.
• wildcard importA wildcard import imports the names designated for export by a module rather than naming each imported name individually.
• Python Package IndexPyPI is the Python Package Index, a public repository and distribution service for Python packages.
• uvuv is a Python project and package management tool that can manage Python versions, environments, builds, and package publishing.

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