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What you will learn in The Well-Grounded Python Developer: How the pros use Python and Flask

How the pros use Python and Flask

by Doug Farrell

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Chapter by chapter

Concepts explained in this book

• namespaceA named container that organizes identifiers and their bindings to prevent naming conflicts and control name resolution.
• one-to-many relationshipA many-to-one relationship is a data relationship in which multiple entities can be associated with one entity.
• inheritanceInheritance is an object-oriented programming mechanism in which a class derives attributes and behavior from another class.
• many-to-many relationshipA many-to-many relationship is a data relationship in which multiple instances of one entity can be associated with multiple instances of another entity.
• unique identifierA unique identifier is a value intended to distinguish one entity or record from all others within a specified context.
• clientA client is software or a device that sends requests to a server and receives its responses.
• JinjaJinja2 is a Python template engine that renders text, including web pages, from templates containing static and dynamically generated content.
• FlaskFlask is a lightweight web application framework for Python that handles HTTP requests and connects URL resources to application code.
• request messageAn HTTP POST request is an HTTP request that submits data to a server for processing or resource creation.
• contractAn application programming interface is a defined set of operations and rules through which software components communicate and access functionality.
• render_templaterender_template is a Flask function that renders a named template with supplied context data and returns the resulting response content.
• exceptionAn exception is a runtime event representing an error or other abnormal condition that interrupts normal program execution.
• authenticationAn authentication system is software that verifies user or system identities during access to an application or service.
• cross-site scripting attackCross-site scripting is a web security attack in which injected script content executes in another user's browser.
• universally unique identifierA universally unique identifier (UUID) is a standardized 128-bit identifier conventionally represented as a hexadecimal string and intended to be globally unique.
• polymorphismPolymorphism is an object-oriented technique in which the same method call can produce different behavior depending on the object's class or runtime type.
• SQLAlchemySQLAlchemy is a Python SQL toolkit and object-relational mapping library for working with relational databases.
• cookieA cookie is client-side data exchanged with a web server on subsequent requests to retain information or identify a client.
• serverServer software is software that provides network-accessible functionality and enables a computer to act as a server.
• Flask blueprintA Flask Blueprint is a modular component that groups related routes, view functions, templates, static resources, and other application elements for registration with a Flask application.
• type signatureA function signature is the part of a function definition that specifies its callable name and parameters.
• foreign keyA foreign key is a column or set of columns that references a primary key in another relational database table to establish a relationship.
• parameterA query string is the portion of a URL containing parameters appended after a question mark.
• Jinja macroA Jinja macro is a reusable template definition that accepts arguments and emits rendered text.
• SQLiteSQLite is an embedded relational database engine that stores a complete database in a local file.
• decoratorA Python decorator is a callable construct that extends or modifies a function or method without changing its source definition.
• property decoratorA Python property decorator defines attribute-like access backed by methods that can compute, validate, or otherwise control attribute values.
• static fieldA class variable is an attribute stored on a Python class and shared by its instances unless shadowed.
• template blockA template block is a named region in a Jinja2 template that can be defined by a parent and filled or overridden by a child.
• template inheritanceTemplate inheritance is a templating pattern in which a child template extends a parent template and overrides or fills named sections.
• url_forurl_for is a Flask function that constructs a URL from an endpoint and optional parameter values or file paths.
• commentA comment is a user-authored response associated with a blog post, other content, or another comment in a threaded discussion.
• Flask-LoginFlask-Login is a Flask extension that manages user sessions and integrates authentication with protected views.
• password authenticationA password is a secret character sequence used to authenticate an account or system identity.
• default valueA default value is a value automatically assigned to a function parameter when the caller does not provide that parameter.
• primary keyA primary key is a column or set of columns that uniquely identifies each record in a relational database table.
• __init__.pyAn __init__.py file is a Python package file that marks a directory as a package and may contain package initialization code.
• packageA Python package is an importable directory that organizes related Python modules and subpackages.
• Flask-BcryptFlask-Bcrypt is a Flask extension that provides bcrypt password hashing and verification.
• user modelA user model is a database-backed application model representing an account and its authentication-related attributes.
• logging moduleThe logging module is Python's standard-library module for creating, filtering, formatting, and routing diagnostic log records.
• web formAn HTML form is a web-page interface containing controls for collecting user input and submitting it to a server.
• order itemAn order item is an entity or association that connects an order with a product and can record the quantity of that product.
• Flask application instanceA Flask application instance is the runtime Flask object that stores application configuration and routes and runs the web server.
• templateA template is a document containing fixed content and placeholders or directives that are resolved to produce a rendered document.
• bcryptbcrypt is a computationally expensive password-hashing algorithm designed to resist brute-force guessing.
• cryptographic hashA cryptographic hash is a one-way transformation that maps data to a fixed-format digest designed to make recovery of the original data computationally difficult.
• LoginManagerLoginManager is the Flask-Login manager object that coordinates loading users and maintaining authenticated sessions.
• session managementSession management is the handling of state that associates successive requests with a user or client interaction.
• UserMixinUserMixin is a Flask-Login mixin class that supplies standard methods and properties expected of a login-managed user object.
• keyword parameterA keyword parameter is a function parameter whose value is supplied by naming the parameter and which may have a default value.
• positional parameterA positional parameter is a function parameter whose value is assigned according to its position among the supplied arguments.
• HTMLA web page is a browser-rendered presentation of web content, commonly structured by an HTML document.
• PythonPython 3 is the third major version line of the Python programming language.
• postA blog post is a titled item of authored content published as part of a blog.
• CSVCSV (comma-separated values) is a delimited plain-text format for tabular data in which records are lines and fields are conventionally separated by commas.
• delimiterA delimiter is a character or sequence that separates adjacent data elements within a structured text representation.
• BootstrapBootstrap is an open-source front-end framework that provides CSS styles, layout utilities, and interface components for responsive web pages.
• variable namingMeaningful naming is the practice of choosing identifiers whose words communicate the represented value, purpose, or operation.
• conventionA naming convention is a shared pattern for constructing identifiers consistently so their form communicates information.
• relational database management systemA relational database management system is software that stores and manages data in related tables and provides operations for defining and querying that data.
• exception handlerAn exception handler is a program construct that responds to an exception and determines whether execution can continue or the exception should propagate.
• stack traceA stack trace is a chronological report of the call path and source locations associated with an exception or other execution event.
• SQLSQL is a language for defining, querying, updating, and otherwise interacting with data in relational database management systems.
• attributeAn attribute is a named value associated with a Python object or class and accessible through attribute lookup.
• shadowingShadowing is the concealment of an existing name binding by another binding with the same name in a nearer or overriding namespace.
• class hierarchyA class hierarchy is an inheritance-oriented arrangement of classes in which related classes are organized into parent and child relationships.
• functionA function is a named or callable program unit that performs an operation and can return a result.
• validationValidation is the process of checking input data against required presence, format, and value constraints.
• join tableAn association table is a relational table that records associations between entities from two other tables, typically through foreign keys.
• recordA database record is a stored row representing one set of related field values in a database table.
• routingA URL route is a web-framework mapping from a URL pattern or path to application code that handles requests for it.
• performanceA performance metric is a quantitative measure used to evaluate an application's speed or resource efficiency.
• abstract classAn abstract class is a class intended to define shared structure or behavior without being instantiated directly.
• abstract methodAn abstract method is a method declaration that specifies an operation for subclasses without providing its implementation.
• don't repeat yourself principleThe DRY principle is the software design principle of avoiding duplicated knowledge or logic in a codebase.
• subclassA child class is a class that inherits attributes or behavior from a parent class.
• super keywordsuper is a Python mechanism that provides access to methods and other attributes defined in a class's parent according to the method resolution order.
• superclassA parent class is a class whose attributes and behavior are inherited by another class.
• classA class is a Python construct that defines the structure and behavior of objects and provides a namespace for their attributes and methods.
• Flask-WTFFlask-WTF is a Flask extension that integrates Flask applications with WTForms for form construction and validation.
• application factoryAn application factory is a callable that creates and configures an application instance when invoked.
• side effectA side effect is an observable change or external action caused by a function in addition to producing its return value.
• optimizationOptimization is the deliberate modification of software to improve a measured performance characteristic.
• return valueA function return value is the object supplied by a function to the caller when the function completes.
• CSSCSS is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation and layout of documents rendered by web clients.
• scopeScope is the region of a program in which a name or variable is accessible and has a particular binding.
• WTFormsWTForms is a Python library for defining, rendering, and validating web forms.
• authorization decisionAuthorization is the process of determining which actions or resources an authenticated user or system is permitted to access.
• **kwargsA variadic keyword parameter is a function parameter that collects an arbitrary number of keyword arguments into a mapping.
• variadic argumentsA variadic positional parameter is a function parameter that collects an arbitrary number of positional arguments.
• exception propagationException propagation is the movement of an unhandled exception upward through the call stack until a suitable handling context is reached.
• confirmation linkA confirmation link is a URL that carries account-verification information and can be opened by a user to confirm registration.
• validation emailA confirmation email is an electronic message containing information or a link for verifying a user's intended action.
• flask runflask run is the Flask command-line command that locates an application and starts its development server.
• PostPost is the book's SQLAlchemy model representing a blog post, its persisted attributes, and related comments.
• maintainabilityMaintainability is the degree to which software can be understood, modified, corrected, and extended efficiently.
• 90/10 ruleThe 90/10 rule of code optimization is the heuristic that roughly 90 percent of execution time is spent in roughly 10 percent of the code.
• moduleA Python module organized for reuse by applications or other code.
• logging levelA logging level is a classification that indicates the severity or importance of a log message.
• refactoringRefactoring is restructuring existing code to improve its design or maintainability while preserving its intended behavior.
• joinA join operation combines rows from related database tables according to a matching relationship between them.
• uriA URL is an address that identifies a resource or logical location accessible through a network protocol.
• event loopAn event loop is a control structure that waits for events and repeatedly dispatches them for processing.
• HTTP response codeAn HTTP status code is a numeric response code indicating the outcome of an HTTP request.
• loopback addressLocalhost is the hostname convention that identifies the local computer in network communications.
• dynamic contentDynamic content is information generated or retrieved at request time rather than being identical for every access.
• templating languageA template language is a language for combining a document template with data to produce a completed output document.
• HTTPHTTP is the application-layer protocol that defines how clients and web servers exchange requests and responses.
• Bootstrap CSS classA Bootstrap CSS class is a predefined CSS class name that applies Bootstrap styling or layout behavior to an HTML element.
• media queryA media query is a CSS condition that applies styles according to properties of the user agent or viewport, such as screen width or resolution.
• common table expressionA common table expression is a named temporary result set defined within a SQL statement and usable by that statement's subsequent query clauses.
• recursionRecursion is a technique in which an operation is repeatedly applied to progressively nested or related instances of the same kind of structure.
• roleAn authorization role is a named grouping of permissions that determines which actions a user may perform.
• directory structureA directory is a filesystem container that organizes files and other directories under a name.
• object-oriented programmingObject-oriented programming is a programming paradigm that organizes software around objects containing state and behavior.
• function argumentAn argument is a value supplied to a function or method when it is called.
• exception silencingException silencing is suppressing an exception without reporting it or exposing information about its cause.
• methodA method is a function associated with an object or class and invoked in the context of that object or class.
• circular referenceA circular reference problem is a dependency structure in which modules directly or indirectly require each other in a cycle that prevents valid importing or initialization.
• self-referential hierarchySelf-referential hierarchical data is data whose records reference other records in the same dataset to represent parent-child relationships.
• configurationConfiguration data is information that determines how an application and its services are set up and run.
• columnA named field in a relational database table whose cells contain values of a defined or compatible type.

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