Data augmentation creates varied training examples by transforming existing data while preserving its labels. In AlexNet, it expanded ImageNet’s effective size and diversity, helping the network generalize despite having 60 million parameters and training on 1.2 million images. section 2.5.3
AlexNet used two kinds of transformations:
- Random crops and horizontal reflections exposed the network to objects in different positions or orientations. section 2.5.3
- PCA-based color jitter perturbed RGB values to simulate changes in brightness, contrast, and color balance. section 2.5.3
These transformations simulated realistic variability and noise. Combined with dropout, they helped AlexNet mitigate overfitting; augmentation was one of several optimization-aware choices assembled into the system. section 2.5.3 section 2.5.5








