Reinforcement learning with human feedback (RLHF) improves an existing large language model by turning human preferences into training signals. People compare alternative answers, and the model is refined toward outputs they judge better. section 1.27 section 1.28
A practical training example
Workers write imaginary prompts, inspect pairs of possible answers, and mark each answer as preferred or not preferred. Those judgments teach a reward model to recognize desirable outputs. The reward model then scores new responses while reinforcement learning nudges the original LLM toward higher-scoring behavior. section 1.27
The process is a pipeline rather than a single training pass:
- Collect thousands of prompts and pairs of alternative outputs, then have human workers rank the alternatives. section 1.27 section 1.28
- Train a supervised model on those judgments so it can predict whether an LLM output is good or bad; this becomes the reward model. section 1.27
- Generate outputs from the existing LLM and use the reward model to score them. section 1.27
- Apply reinforcement learning to make small improvements repeatedly, aligning the LLM more closely with the human rankings. section 1.27 section 1.28
RLHF makes LLM training considerably more manual than simply collecting internet data. Human-written examples can teach popular tasks, conversation, and refusal of inappropriate requests, but the labeling work is substantial. User ratings and ranked answers may also become later improvement data, so sensitive prompts can create privacy concerns. section 1.28













