Causation means that an intervention or event produces a change in an outcome. In marketing, higher campaign counts or rates may show improvement without proving what caused it; seasonality, competitor promotions, and other factors can also affect results. section 7.7.3 section 7.7.2
Experiments test for causal effects by comparing:
- A treatment group that receives a data-activated campaign. section 7.7.3
- A comparable control group that does not receive the activated version, or receives a generic alternative. section 7.7.3
Testing personalized messaging
Compare an email subject line referencing recent browsing with a generic subject line. Differences in opens, clicks, and conversions indicate whether the personalization drove measurable gains. section 7.7.3
Multichannel models can guide budget decisions, but their correlational analysis offers less granular causal evidence than experiments. section 7.7.4







