Deep learning is machine learning based on neural networks. It is particularly useful for unstructured data such as images, text, audio, and video, where conventional machine-learning methods may be less effective. It can also be used with structured data. The goal is to learn patterns from data for tasks such as recognition, prediction, or grouping. section 8.1.1 section 8.13
A neural network learns through connected components and a training process:
- Artificial neurons use weights and biases; input, hidden, and output layers organize the network. Hidden layers learn features used in decisions, while activation functions affect its outputs. section 8.13
- With labeled data, training seeks useful weights and biases through feed-forward propagation, loss calculation, and backpropagation. section 8.13 section 8.3
- With unlabeled data, a network can instead learn structure such as groupings or distributions. Unsupervised approaches include the Boltzmann learning rule and deep belief networks. section 8.5
Recognizing faces
To identify people in images, train a network on face images paired with names. It begins without knowing which image attributes identify a person and learns distinguishing characteristics from the labeled examples. An unlabeled image task would differ: it might group similar pictures without assigning supplied names. section 8.2.1 section 8.5
Architecture should fit the data: convolutional neural networks are used for image and video patterns, while recurrent neural networks handle sequences such as language and time series. Before choosing a complex model, check whether representative, good-quality data and enough training capacity are available. Deep learning is not a solution to every business problem. section 8.13 section 8.11










