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Hallucination

As explained in Investing for Programmers

An AI hallucination is a generated statement or output that is unsupported, fabricated, or factually incorrect despite being presented plausibly.

An AI hallucination is a plausible-looking statement or output that lacks support or is factually wrong. In investment research, accepting one without verification can turn speculation into financial loss. section 8.2.3 section 8.0

Treat hallucination risk as a reason to investigate, not as a reason to discard LLM-assisted research:

  • Review generated claims before using them in an investment decision. section 8.5
  • Use detailed company questions to build evidence for a scorecard instead of requesting generic stock picks. section 8.0
  • Combine model-generated ideas with further investigation because investment advice remains speculative. section 8.5

From stock picks to company research

The prompt “Recommend me three stocks” invites risky, potentially hallucinated advice. Asking about company X’s management style produces research that can contribute to an individual investment scorecard, but still requires verification. section 8.0

How Investing for Programmers covers it

How deep it goes
Explains the decision risk and review response, but stops short of technical causes, detection methods, or mitigation algorithms.
Examples
Uses generic stock recommendations, detailed company questions, and investment scorecards as contrasting research examples.
What you can do after
Evaluate LLM-generated financial research through review, detailed questioning, and further investigation before making decisions.
How it connects
Connects hallucinations to large language models, outdated information, investment advice, due diligence, and financial research.

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This explainer was generated by Manning's knowledge graph from the text of Investing for Programmers. The section links point to the parts of the book it draws on.