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What you will learn in F# in Action: A Revised Edition of Get Programming with F#

by Isaac Abraham

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Chapter by chapter

Concepts explained in this book

• F#F# is a statically typed, multiparadigm programming language in the ML family that runs on the .NET platform.
• functionA function is a named or anonymous program construct that maps input values to a result and can encapsulate computation.
• type inferenceType inference is the compile-time deduction of expression and value types from available program information.
• recordA C# record is a reference or value type designed primarily for modeling data with compiler-supported value-based equality and concise initialization syntax.
• pattern matchingPattern matching is a language feature that selects behavior by testing a value against structural or value patterns and binding matched components.
• side effectA side effect is an observable change or interaction caused by a function beyond producing its return value, such as modifying external data or state.
• union typeA discriminated union is an F# type whose values are selected from a fixed set of named cases, each potentially carrying different data.
• type hintsA type hint is an editor- or environment-provided indication of the inferred or declared type associated with a source-code expression or symbol.
• optionAn option is an F# generic discriminated union representing either the presence of a value with Some or its absence with None.
• higher-order functionA higher-order function is a function that takes functions as arguments, returns a function, or both.
• mutable objectMutability is the property of data whose state can be changed after creation.
• pipelineA pipeline is a sequence of transformations in which the output of one step becomes the input of the next, applied here to HTTP requests and responses.
• tupleA tuple is a fixed-size, ordered data structure that combines values, potentially of different types, into a single composite value.
• wildcardA wildcard is a pattern or placeholder that matches a value without binding or using its contents.
• asynchronous programmingAsynchronous programming is a technique in which an operation can proceed without blocking other work while waiting for a result.
• type signatureA type signature is a notation describing the types that make up a value or expression, including the structure of composite types.
• testTest is Expecto's compositional test value, representing either an individual test or a collection of nested tests.
• pure functionFunctional purity is the property of functions having deterministic outputs for given inputs and no observable side effects.
• expressionAn expression is a program construct that evaluates to a value.
• GiraffeGiraffe is an F# web framework that provides a lightweight functional interface for building applications on ASP.NET.
• compilerA compiler is a software tool that translates source code into an executable or another lower-level representation while checking it against the language's rules.
• functional, stateless philosophyFunctional programming is a programming paradigm that emphasizes composing computations as functions and minimizing mutable state and side effects.
• type providerA JSON type provider is a compile-time mechanism that infers an F# type from a representative JSON sample and exposes the sample's structure through typed members.
• scopeA scope is a region of source code that determines the lifetime and accessibility of names and bindings.
• namespaceA namespace is a programming-language construct that groups and qualifies names to organize code and avoid naming collisions.
• unit typeUnit is an F# type representing the absence of a meaningful result while still providing a value for every expression and function.
• sequenceA sequence is an ordered, potentially lazy and forward-only series of elements, represented in .NET by the IEnumerable interface.
• mapA map operation applies a function to a value inside a computational effect and rewraps the result in that effect.
• lightweight syntaxLightweight syntax is a language syntax style that expresses common programming constructs with relatively little punctuation or boilerplate.
• separation of data and behaviorSeparation of data and behavior is a design pattern in which data structures hold state while separate functions or modules implement operations on that state.
• ExpectoExpecto is an F# testing framework for writing and running automated tests, including performance-oriented tests.
• moduleA module is a language construct that groups related declarations such as data types, values, and functions under a named scope.
• listIn F#, a list is an immutable ordered collection whose elements can be processed as a sequence.
• validationValidation is the process of checking data against rules that determine whether it is acceptable for a domain or operation.
• computation expressionA computation expression is F# syntax and builder-based semantics for sequencing computations that carry an effect such as optionality, failure, or asynchrony.
• command-line toolA console application is a program that interacts with users or other processes through a text-based terminal.
• assignmentAn assignment is an operation that binds or updates a variable with the result of an expression.
• missing valueMissing data is information that is absent, unavailable, or not provided for an expected field or value.
• result typeA result type represents either a successful value or an error value, allowing an operation to return validation failures without raising an exception.
• static typingA static type system assigns and checks types during compilation rather than primarily during program execution.
• exhaustivenessExhaustiveness checking is compile-time verification that pattern matching handles every possible case of a type.
• type systemA type system is a set of rules that assigns types to program expressions and constrains how values and operations may be combined.
• task computation expressionA task computation expression is an F# computation expression that constructs an asynchronous .NET Task computation and supports awaiting task results without blocking the current thread.
• invariantAn invariant is a condition that must remain true for a value or domain entity to be considered valid.
• F# syntaxF# syntax is the set of lexical and grammatical rules that determine how F# programs are written and parsed.
• shell scriptA script is a source-code file intended for direct or interactive execution and reuse without requiring a full application project.
• copy-and-update syntaxCopy-and-update syntax is F# syntax that creates a record value by copying fields from an existing record and overriding or adding fields.
• data transformationA data transformation is a computation that converts input data into a different value or representation.
• synchronous callA synchronous operation runs to completion in the caller's execution flow and normally keeps its thread occupied while it waits.
• cyclical dependencyA cyclical dependency is a chain of references in which declarations ultimately depend on themselves through one or more intermediate declarations.
• inner functionA nested function is a function defined inside another scope or function.
• indentationIndentation is leading whitespace in source code that can delimit or structure blocks according to a language's syntax rules.
• data typeA type is a language-level classification that specifies the kind of values an expression can represent and the operations applicable to them.
• compositionFunction composition is the operation of combining functions so that the output of one function becomes the input of another.
• List.filterList.filter is an F# library function that retains list elements satisfying a predicate function.
• List moduleThe List module is the F# library module that provides operations for processing immutable lists.
• read-execute-print loopA read-eval-print loop is an interactive environment that repeatedly reads source expressions, evaluates them, and prints their results.
• warning messageA compiler warning is a diagnostic indicating potentially unintended or discouraged source code that nevertheless remains compilable.
• model-view-updateThe Model-View-Update pattern is a unidirectional architecture in which a model holds application state, a view renders it and emits messages, and an update function produces revised state.
• anonymous recordAn anonymous record is an F# record value with named fields whose record type is inferred without an explicit named type declaration.
• statementA statement is a program construct that performs an action or controls execution without necessarily evaluating to a usable value.
• F# InteractiveFSI is F# Interactive, an interactive environment for evaluating F# code and expressions incrementally.
• reference typeA reference type is a type whose values are references to objects stored separately from the reference itself.
• value typeA value type is a type whose variables directly contain their data and whose values are copied when assigned or passed by value.
• System.Text.JsonSystem.Text.Json is the .NET library namespace providing APIs for JSON serialization and deserialization.
• consistencyLanguage consistency is the design principle of applying a small set of general constructs and symbols across multiple programming situations.
• domain modelA domain model is a software representation of the entities, relationships, rules, and behavior of a problem domain.
• ResizeArrayResizeArray is an F# type alias for a dynamically resizing .NET generic list.
• file and symbol orderingFile order is the project-defined ordering of F# source files that determines which declarations and dependencies are visible during compilation.
• comprehensionA collection comprehension is syntax for constructing a collection from generator, filtering, and transformation logic.
• mutate operatorThe mutate operator is F# syntax using <- to update a mutable binding or location.
• dependencyAn external dependency is a system or service outside an application that its code relies on, such as a database or web service.
• type argumentA generic type argument is a concrete type supplied for a parameterized generic type or function.
• .NET.NET is a software development platform that provides runtimes, libraries, and tools for building applications in multiple programming languages.
• classA class is an object-oriented programming construct that defines the structure and behavior of instances.
• conditional logicA conditional is a programming construct that selects execution or generated content based on a Boolean condition.
• nested tupleA nested tuple is a tuple containing another tuple as one of its elements.
• struct annotationA struct annotation is F# syntax using the struct keyword to specify a value-tuple representation in a type expression or construction.
• tuple deconstructionTuple deconstruction is the extraction of a tuple's elements into separate bindings or pattern components.
• project fileAn F# project file is a project configuration file that describes project metadata and the source files included in compilation.
• mutable variableThe mutable modifier declares that a field or binding may be changed after initialization.
• single-case discriminated unionA single-case discriminated union is a discriminated union with exactly one named case, typically used to create a distinct domain-specific type around another value.
• declarative programmingA declarative model specifies the desired structure or result of a user interface without directly prescribing the procedural steps to construct it.
• I/OExternal I/O is input or output involving a resource outside the program, such as a network service or database.
• bindbind is a function that applies a computation producing an optional or effectful result and avoids nesting the result within the same computational context.
• object expressionAn object expression is an F# expression that creates an object implementing specified class or interface members without requiring a separately declared type.
• Option.mapOption.map is an F# library function that applies a function to the value in a Some case and returns None unchanged, wrapping a successful result in Some.
• SAFE StackSAFE Stack is an F#-oriented web development stack combining libraries and tools from the .NET and JavaScript ecosystems.
• constructor methodA constructor is a member or function-like operation that creates and initializes an instance of a type.
• curryingA curried function is a function represented as a sequence of single-argument functions, allowing arguments to be supplied incrementally.
• async/awaitAsync/await is a language feature and control-flow pattern for expressing asynchronous operations in sequential-looking syntax that suspends while awaiting a result.
• pipe operatorThe F# pipeline operator (|>) passes the value of its left-hand expression as an argument to the function on its right.
• ElmishElmish is an F# library implementing the Elm-style Model-View-Update architecture for user interfaces and application state management.
• structural equalityStructural equality determines equality by recursively comparing the contents of corresponding values and their nested fields.
• routeA route is a web-application rule that associates request properties such as an HTTP method and URI path with a handler.
• collectionA collection is a data structure or abstraction that groups multiple elements for traversal and processing.
• async blockAn async block is an F# computation-expression construct that represents a deferred, repeatable asynchronous computation.
• transpilationTranspilation is source-to-source translation from one programming language into another, typically preserving a comparable level of abstraction.
• nullable typeNullable<T> is a .NET value type that represents either a value of a non-nullable value type or the absence of such a value.
• dependency rejectionThe dependency rejection pattern is a design approach that keeps internal functions independent of external dependencies by passing in simple data rather than functions or effects.
• active patternAn active pattern is an F# pattern definition that encapsulates reusable computation for determining how a value matches.
• genericsA generic type is a type defined with one or more type parameters so it can apply to values of different concrete types.
• property-based testingA property-based test is an individual automated test that evaluates one or more stated properties over generated inputs.
• schemaA schema is a formal description of the fields, structure, and types expected in a data resource.
• testListtestList is an Expecto function that constructs a composite test from a name and a collection of child tests.
• test runnerA test runner is software that discovers tests and executes them, typically reporting their results.
• FsCheckFsCheck is a .NET library for property-based testing that generates input values and checks properties against them.
• imperative programmingImperative programming is a programming paradigm that specifies computation as step-by-step commands that change program state.
• FSharp.DataFSharp.Data is an F# and .NET library that provides type providers and data-access abstractions for common external data formats and sources.
• let!let! is an F# computation-expression binding form that binds the result of an effectful computation to a name.
• exceptionAn exception is a runtime event representing an abnormal condition that interrupts normal program execution.
• data transfer objectA data transfer object is an object that carries data between software components without encapsulating domain behavior.
• race conditionA race condition is a concurrency defect in which a result depends on the timing or interleaving of competing operations.
• fire-and-forget operationA fire-and-forget operation is an asynchronous operation started without awaiting or otherwise consuming its completion or result.
• FsToolkit.ErrorHandlingFsToolkit.ErrorHandling is an open-source F# library that provides computation expressions and other helpers for working with options and results.
• option computation expressionAn option computation expression sequences computations that may produce an optional value and propagates absence without requiring explicit unwrapping.

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