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What you will learn in .NET in Action, Second Edition

by Dustin Metzgar

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Chapter by chapter

Concepts explained in this book

• integration testIntegration testing evaluates whether multiple software components work together correctly through their real integration points.
• .NET.NET is a free, cross-platform, open-source software platform whose runtime executes code compiled to Common Intermediate Language.
• dbcontextDbContext is the Entity Framework Core class that coordinates entity operations, querying, change tracking, and persistence for a data model.
• IEnumerableIEnumerable is a .NET interface representing a sequence whose elements can be enumerated.
• authorizationAuthorization is the process of determining which actions or resources an authenticated or anonymous principal is permitted to access.
• container imageA container image is an immutable package containing an application, its dependencies, and the filesystem data needed to create containers.
• parameterA query parameter is a key-value input appended to a URL that supplies options or filters for a web request.
• nullable reference typesA nullable reference type is a C# type annotation that allows a reference to represent null and participates in compile-time nullability analysis.
• garbage collectionA garbage collector is a runtime component that identifies unreachable allocated memory and reclaims it for future allocations.
• stack frameA stack frame is the portion of a call stack containing a function invocation's local data, arguments, and return information.
• Entity Framework CoreEntity Framework Core is a .NET object-relational mapping framework for accessing data stores.
• resource fileA resource file is an externalized application-data file containing content such as localized strings separately from source code.
• database transactionA transaction is a database operation boundary whose changes are committed together or discarded together to prevent partial completion.
• JSON Web TokenA JSON Web Token is a compact, URL-safe token format for conveying claims between parties, commonly with a digitally signed or authenticated representation.
• culture codeA culture is a set of language, formatting, sorting, and other regional conventions that influences software behavior and presentation.
• memory management modelMemory management is the process of allocating, tracking, and reclaiming computer memory during program execution.
• SelectSelect is a LINQ extension method that projects each element of an enumerable sequence into a new form.
• commitThe commit phase is the stage of a transaction in which its pending changes are finalized in the data store.
• SQL injectionA SQL injection vulnerability is a weakness that allows crafted input to alter or execute unintended SQL statements.
• JSONJSON is a text-based data-interchange format that represents structured values such as objects, arrays, strings, numbers, booleans, and null.
• asynchronous programmingAsynchronous programming is a programming technique in which operations can progress without blocking the execution flow while waiting for external work to complete.
• stackA stack is a runtime memory region that stores function-local variables, arguments, and return addresses using call-order allocation.
• User SecretsUser secrets are development-time configuration values stored outside a project to keep sensitive data out of source control.
• Common Language RuntimeThe .NET runtime is the execution environment that loads .NET assemblies and translates their intermediate code into processor-specific instructions.
• EF Core in-memory providerAn in-memory database provider is an EF Core provider that stores database data in application memory instead of a separate persistent database.
• code-first approachA code-first schema is a database schema generated from application entity definitions and ORM configuration.
• minimal APIMinimal APIs are an ASP.NET Core programming model for defining HTTP endpoints with minimal ceremony and without requiring controller classes.
• openid connectOpenID Connect is an identity layer built on OAuth 2.0 that enables clients to verify user identities and obtain basic profile information.
• development certificateA development certificate is a locally trusted certificate used to support secure HTTPS connections during software development.
• dotnet testdotnet test is a .NET CLI command that builds a test project, discovers its tests, and executes them.
• DockerfileA Dockerfile is a text file containing instructions for building a Docker container image.
• money transferA money transfer is an operation that debits one account and credits another by a specified amount.
• rollbackA rollback discards the changes made within a database transaction.
• BenchmarkDotNetBenchmarkDotNet is a .NET library and tool for measuring the performance of code.
• interfaceAn interface is a C# contract that specifies members an implementing type must provide.
• async streamAn async enumerable, or async stream, is an asynchronously produced sequence whose elements can be consumed as they become available.
• DockerDocker is a platform and command-line tool for building, distributing, and running containerized applications.
• IQueryableIQueryable is a LINQ interface representing a queryable data source whose query expression can be interpreted by a provider.
• SQLiteSQLite is an embedded relational database engine that stores a complete database in a local file or in memory.
• Swagger UISwagger UI is a browser-based interface that renders an API description and allows users to send test requests to the API.
• compactionGarbage-collection compaction moves live objects together to reduce fragmentation and create larger contiguous free-memory regions.
• fixed keywordThe C# fixed keyword prevents referenced managed objects from being relocated by garbage collection within a fixed statement or block.
• generation 0Generation 0 is the youngest .NET garbage-collection generation, containing newly allocated objects and collected most frequently.
• generation 2Generation 2 is the oldest .NET garbage-collection generation for objects that have survived earlier collections and are generally long-lived.
• heapA heap is a runtime memory region from which programs dynamically allocate contiguous chunks of memory.
• heap fragmentationHeap fragmentation is a memory-allocation condition in which free heap space is divided into separated regions that may not provide a sufficiently large contiguous block.
• memory leakA memory leak is a condition in which memory remains allocated or unreachable despite no longer being needed by a program.
• pointerA pointer is a value that represents a memory address and can be used to access or manipulate the addressed storage.
• arrayAn array is an indexed, typically fixed-size sequence of elements of a specified type.
• unsafe keywordThe C# unsafe keyword enables code that can use pointers and perform operations the runtime cannot verify as memory-safe.
• ResourceManagerResourceManager is a .NET class that retrieves resources according to the requested culture and resource-set organization.
• just-in-time compilationA just-in-time compiler translates intermediate code into machine code during program execution.
• LINQLanguage Integrated Query (LINQ) is a .NET language-integrated query technology for querying collections and data sources with a common syntax.
• async/awaitThe await keyword asynchronously suspends a C# method until an awaitable operation completes and then resumes it.
• CancellationTokenA cancellation token is a .NET value that communicates a cooperative request for an operation to stop.
• CancellationTokenSourceCancellationTokenSource is a .NET type that creates and controls cancellation signals represented by CancellationToken values.
• connection poolingA connection pool is a managed collection of reusable network connections that limits and coordinates simultaneous access.
• taskTask is a .NET type representing an asynchronous unit of work that may complete in the future.
• Task Parallel LibraryThe Task Parallel Library is the .NET library for expressing task-based asynchronous and parallel operations.
• Task.WhenAllTask.WhenAll is a .NET method that creates a task completing when all supplied tasks have completed.
• thread poolA thread pool is a managed collection of reusable worker threads that execute queued work items.
• deferred executionDeferred execution is evaluation of a query only when the resulting sequence is enumerated or otherwise requested.
• named tupleA named tuple is a C# tuple whose elements have programmer-defined names in addition to positional access.
• paginationPaging divides a result set into separately retrievable portions, typically controlled by a page size and position.
• lambdaAn anonymous method is a C# method implementation declared without a named method declaration and commonly represented as a delegate or function value.
• repository patternThe repository pattern is an architectural pattern that encapsulates access to and persistence of domain entities through a collection-like interface between the domain model and data-mapping or persistence layers.
• intermediate languageAn intermediate language is a processor-independent compiled representation that can later be translated into machine code.
• cascading deleteCascade delete is a relational-data behavior in which deleting a principal record also deletes its related dependent records.
• OpenAPI specificationOpenAPI is a machine-readable specification for describing HTTP APIs, including their endpoints, operations, parameters, and representations.
• PATCHPATCH is an HTTP method conventionally used to apply a partial update to a resource.
• SwashbuckleSwashbuckle is a .NET library that generates OpenAPI documentation and exposes Swagger UI for ASP.NET Core APIs.
• web serviceA web service is a software service that exposes functionality or data for interaction over a network, commonly through web protocols.
• dotnet newdotnet new list is a .NET CLI command that displays the project templates installed for use by dotnet new.
• abstract classAn abstract class is a C# class that may contain incomplete implementations and cannot be instantiated directly.
• method chainingMethod chaining is a programming style in which successive method calls are applied to the object returned by the preceding call.
• extensionAn extension method is a static method that can be invoked with instance-method syntax on a type without modifying or inheriting from that type.
• genericsA generic type or method is parameterized by one or more types so the same definition can operate with different type arguments.
• missing valueA null value indicates that a reference or nullable value does not refer to an object or contain a non-null value.
• multistage buildA multistage build constructs an image through multiple Dockerfile build stages so that artifacts from an earlier stage can be copied into a later runtime stage.
• DbCommandInterceptorDbCommandInterceptor is an Entity Framework Core base class for intercepting database command execution and related events.
• interceptorAn interceptor is a component that observes or modifies an operation before it is sent to an external system.
• principle of least privilegeLeast privilege is an authorization principle that grants an identity only the permissions required for its tasks.
• VerifyVerify is a .NET snapshot-testing library that compares test results with approved files.
• appsettings.Development.jsonappsettings.Environment.json is the conventional ASP.NET Core configuration file whose Environment placeholder is replaced by the current environment name.
• appsettings.jsonappsettings.json is a conventional .NET application configuration file containing default JSON settings.
• narrow integration testA narrow integration test is an integration test focused on a small component while exercising a real external dependency.
• base imageA base image is an existing container image from which another image is constructed.
• Dockerfile instructionA Dockerfile instruction is a directive written with an instruction keyword and arguments that controls image construction.
• dockerignore.dockerignore is a Docker configuration file that specifies files and directories excluded from a build context.
• EXPOSE instructionThe EXPOSE instruction documents a container port on which an application listens without publishing that port to the host.
• from instructionThe FROM instruction selects a base image and begins a build stage in a Dockerfile.
• image layerA container image layer is a separate immutable filesystem change produced by an image-build step and stored as part of the image.
• port numberA network port is a numbered endpoint used by networked software to identify a service on a host or container.
• port mappingPort mapping associates a host network port with a port exposed by a container.
• dependency injectionDependency injection is a pattern in which an object receives its dependencies from an external composition mechanism rather than creating them itself.
• null-forgiving operatorThe null-forgiving operator is the C# postfix ! operator that suppresses compiler nullability warnings without changing runtime behavior.
• HTTPHTTP is an application-layer protocol for transferring resources and exchanging messages between clients and servers.
• filteringA filter operation removes a matching stack frame and all frames below it from a profiling stack trace.
• identity providerAn identity provider is a service that authenticates users and supplies identity and authorization metadata to client applications.
• serializationSerialization is the conversion between structured in-memory objects and an external data representation such as JSON.
• retryA retry policy is a resilience rule that automatically repeats an operation after qualifying failures.
• testTesting is the systematic evaluation of software behavior against expected functionality and correctness.
• dependency inversionThe dependency inversion principle is a software design principle in which high-level modules depend on abstractions rather than concrete low-level implementations.
• dotnet watchdotnet watch is a .NET command-line tool that monitors source files and reruns or reloads an application when changes occur.
• WebApplicationFactoryWebApplicationFactory is an ASP.NET Core testing API that creates an in-memory application host and a client for sending requests to it.
• namespaceA namespace is a programming-language construct that groups related types and identifiers under a qualified name.
• internationalizationInternationalization is the design of software so that it can support multiple languages, locales, and regional conventions without major code changes.
• using statementA using statement is a C# resource-management construct that ensures an IDisposable resource is disposed when its enclosing scope ends.
• expression-bodied memberAn expression-bodied member is a C# member whose implementation is written as a single expression following an expression-body operator.
• compilerA compiler is a program that translates source code in a programming language into another executable or intermediate representation.
• AddDbContext<T>AddDbContext is an Entity Framework Core service-registration method that registers a DbContext type with a dependency injection container.
• AsNoTrackingAsNoTracking is an Entity Framework Core query extension method that prevents returned entities from being tracked by the context.
• change trackingChange tracking is an ORM capability that records changes to entity instances so they can be persisted to a data store.
• IAsyncEnumerable<T>IAsyncEnumerable is a .NET interface for asynchronously enumerating a sequence whose elements may become available over time.
• route templateA route template is a URL pattern containing segments and parameters that ASP.NET Core uses to match requests to endpoint actions.
• yieldyield return is C# iterator syntax that produces an element and suspends execution until the next element is requested.
• reference typeA reference type is a .NET type whose values identify objects or locations containing the type's data.
• value typeA value type is a .NET type whose values contain their data directly.
• DbSet<T>DbSet is an Entity Framework Core API type representing a queryable and persistable collection of entities in a database context.
• LINQ extensionA LINQ extension is a query operation exposed as an extension method for filtering, transforming, ordering, partitioning, or otherwise processing sequences.
• primary keyA primary key is a column or set of columns whose values uniquely identify rows in a database table.
• SaveChangesSaveChanges is the EF Core DbContext method that persists tracked changes to the database.
• database tableA table is a database structure that stores related records in rows and columns.
• CoreFXA base class library is the core collection of reusable types and APIs supplied by a programming platform.
• benchmarkA benchmark is a standardized or repeatable performance measurement of a component, operation, or system.
• IDisposableIDisposable is a .NET interface for types that expose deterministic release of unmanaged or other disposable resources.
• secret managementSecret Manager is a .NET development tool for storing and retrieving user secrets outside an application's project files.
• ActionAction is a .NET generic delegate family representing methods that accept parameters and return no value.
• launchSettings.jsonlaunchSettings.json is a .NET project configuration file that defines local launch profiles and development settings such as URLs and environment variables.
• MapGetMapGet is an ASP.NET Core endpoint-mapping method that associates HTTP GET requests with a handler.
• empty web templateAn empty web template is a .NET project template that creates a minimal web application without extensive generated boilerplate.
• routingA route is a URL pattern that an HTTP request can match to select an endpoint handler.
• type inferenceType inference is the compiler's deduction of a program expression or variable's type from available context and assignments.
• array boundsAn array bound is a limit defining the valid index range of an array.
• authorization handlerAn authorization handler is a component that evaluates an authorization requirement against the current user and resource context.
• authorization requirementAn authorization requirement is a condition that must be satisfied for an authorization policy to succeed.
• policyAn authorization policy is a set of access-control rules composed of requirements that determine whether an authenticated principal may perform an action.
• System.Text.JsonSystem.Text.Json is the .NET library that provides JSON serialization, deserialization, and document-processing APIs.
• globalizationGlobalization is the preparation of software and its data for operation across different regions, cultures, languages, formats, and conventions.
• bearer authenticationBearer authentication is an HTTP authentication method in which possession of a bearer token grants access to a protected resource.
• integer square rootAn integer square root is a square root whose result is an integer.
• containerA container is an isolated execution environment that packages an application with its dependencies while sharing the host operating system kernel.
• secretA secret is sensitive information, such as a credential or cryptographic key, that must be protected from unauthorized disclosure.
• claimA claim is a named assertion about a subject or token context represented as a property in a security token.
• JsonDocumentJsonDocument is a .NET type that provides read-only, in-memory access to the structure and values of a JSON document.
• entityA database entity is an application object or distinct unit of data whose state is represented and persisted in a database.
• command-line argumentA command-line argument is a value supplied to a program when it is invoked from a command-line interface.
• streamingStream is a .NET abstraction for reading and writing sequences of bytes across sources such as files, network responses, memory, and console I/O.
• Common Type SystemThe Common Type System is the .NET type model that defines types and their behavior across .NET languages.
• using-directiveA using directive is a C# declaration that makes types in a namespace available without their fully qualified names.
• Razor PagesA Razor page is an ASP.NET Core web page that combines view rendering with request-handling logic without requiring an explicit controller.
• HTTPSHTTPS is HTTP carried over a TLS-protected connection.
• endpointAn endpoint is a network-accessible interface that receives requests and returns responses for a defined operation or resource.
• measurementA measurement is a quantified observation of a software or system characteristic such as execution time or resource usage.
• default constructorA default constructor is a parameterless constructor supplied by the compiler or explicitly declared for a type.
• Docker DesktopDocker Desktop is a desktop application that provides Docker container development and runtime capabilities on supported operating systems.
• arrange act assert patternThe Arrange, Act, Assert pattern organizes a unit test into setup, invocation of the method under test, and behavioral verification.
• CSVCSV is a delimited text format in which records are represented as lines and fields are separated by commas, with quoting and escaping rules for special content.
• data transfer objectA data transfer object is an object that defines the data communicated across a boundary without necessarily exposing the structure of the underlying domain or persistence model.
• csv parsingCSV parsing is the process of interpreting comma-separated values text into records and fields while handling delimiters, quoting, and escaping.
• join tableA join table is an intermediary database table that stores associations between entities in a many-to-many relationship.
• eager loadingEager loading retrieves an entity and specified related entities as part of the same query operation.
• entity-relationship modelAn entity relationship is an association between entities or records that expresses how their data is connected.
• foreign keyA foreign key is a relational-database column or set of columns whose values reference a key in another table.
• IncludeInclude is an Entity Framework Core query extension method that specifies related entities to load with the queried entities.
• many-to-many relationshipA many-to-many relationship allows multiple instances of each of two entity types to be associated with multiple instances of the other.
• navigation propertyA navigation property is an ORM-mapped object or collection property that traverses a relationship to related entities.
• one-to-many relationshipA one-to-many relationship associates one instance of a principal entity with multiple instances of a dependent entity.
• principal entityA principal entity is the entity on which the existence or identity of a dependent entity is based.
• dependent entityA dependent entity is an entity whose existence or identity depends on a principal entity.
• authenticationAuthentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user, service, or other principal.
• security tokenAn authentication token is a credential presented by a client to convey verified identity information to a service.
• tiered compilationTiered compilation is a runtime compilation strategy that initially favors fast compilation and later recompiles code using execution information.
• machine languageMachine code is processor-executable instructions encoded in a form that a computer's hardware can directly execute.
• PollyPolly is a .NET resilience library for expressing policies such as retries, circuit breakers, timeouts, and fallbacks.
• volumeA volume is storage made available to a container by mounting a host folder or file at a path in the container.
• configurationConfiguration is the set of externally supplied settings that control an application's behavior.
• JavaScript runtimeA runtime is the execution environment that loads and runs program code while providing language and system services.
• operator overloadingOperator overloading is a language feature that lets a type define the behavior of an operator for its values.
• Document Object ModelA DOM is an in-memory tree representation of structured document data whose nodes can be inspected and modified.
• regular expressionA regular expression is a pattern language for matching and processing text according to specified character sequences.
• JSON file providerA JSON configuration provider is a .NET configuration component that loads settings from a JSON file.
• controllerAn MVC controller is the component that receives requests or user input and coordinates the model and view used to produce a response.
• vulnerabilityA vulnerability is a weakness in software, configuration, or architecture that can be exploited to compromise security.
• dependencyA dependency is an external software component required by an application or another software component.
• ASP.NET Core IdentityASP.NET Core Identity is an extensible membership system for managing users, authentication, authorization, and related identity data in ASP.NET Core applications.
• connection stringA connection string is a configuration string that specifies how an application connects to a data source and its connection options.
• PerfViewPerfView is a Windows performance analysis tool for collecting, inspecting, and comparing runtime traces and profiles.
• global using directiveA global using directive makes a namespace or type import available throughout all files in a C# compilation unit.
• dotnet dev-certsdotnet dev-certs is a .NET CLI command for creating, checking, and trusting development HTTPS certificates.
• hsts headerHTTP Strict Transport Security is a web security policy that tells browsers to access a site only through HTTPS.
• HTTPS redirectionHTTPS redirection is the practice of responding to HTTP requests by redirecting clients to the corresponding HTTPS URL.
• HttpsRedirectionMiddlewareUseHttpsRedirection is ASP.NET Core middleware configuration that redirects HTTP requests to HTTPS URLs.
• certificateA certificate is a digitally signed credential that binds an identity to a public key for establishing authenticated secure connections.
• result resourceActionResult is an ASP.NET Core result abstraction that represents the outcome of handling a web request, including its response content and HTTP status code.
• barcodeA barcode is a machine-readable visual encoding of data using structured marks or symbols.
• BarcodeLibBarcodeLib is a .NET library for generating barcode images in multiple barcode formats.
• FileResultA File ActionResult is an ASP.NET Core action result that sends file or binary content in an HTTP response.
• HTTP response codeAn HTTP status code is a three-digit response code indicating the outcome of an HTTP request.
• IResultIResult is an ASP.NET Core interface representing the result of executing an HTTP endpoint.
• output parameterAn out parameter is a C# method parameter that the method must assign before returning and that provides an additional output value to the caller.
• Results.NotFoundResults.NotFound is an ASP.NET Core factory method that creates an HTTP 404 Not Found result.
• ternary conditional operatorA ternary operator is a conditional C# operator that evaluates a Boolean expression and selects one of two value expressions.

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