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What you will learn in Road to Kubernetes

by Justin Mitchel

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Chapter by chapter

Concepts explained in this book

• kubectlkubectl is the command-line client for interacting with Kubernetes clusters and their resources through the Kubernetes API.
• Docker ComposeThe Docker Compose plugin is a Docker CLI extension that provides Docker Compose commands for defining and running multi-container applications.
• containerA container is an isolated executable environment that packages an application with its dependencies while sharing the host operating system kernel.
• workflow definitionA GitHub Actions workflow is a YAML-defined automation procedure composed of jobs and steps that GitHub Actions executes in response to configured events.
• virtual environmentA Python virtual environment is an isolated project environment with its own Python interpreter configuration and installed packages.
• GitHub ActionsGitHub Actions is a GitHub automation platform for defining and running workflows in response to repository events or on specified schedules.
• environment variableAn environment variable is a named value supplied by the execution environment to configure or provide information to a process.
• serviceA Kubernetes Service is a Kubernetes API resource that provides a stable network endpoint and routes traffic to a set of Pods.
• container imageA container image is an immutable package containing an application, its dependencies, and the filesystem configuration needed to create a container.
• DockerDocker is a software platform and command-line tool for building, distributing, and running applications in containers.
• docker-compose.ymlA Compose file is a YAML configuration file that declares the services, parameters, networks, volumes, and other settings for a Docker Compose application.
• Ansible playbookAnsible playbook is a YAML-based automation definition that describes hosts, variables, and ordered tasks for configuring systems or deploying applications.
• podA Kubernetes Pod is the smallest deployable workload unit and groups one or more containers with shared network and storage resources.
• image tagA container image tag is a human-readable identifier attached to an image reference to distinguish a version, environment, or release.
• NGINXNGINX is a web server and reverse proxy software used to serve content and route network requests.
• configmapA Kubernetes ConfigMap is a resource that stores non-sensitive configuration data as key-value pairs for use by workloads.
• NomadHashiCorp Nomad is a workload orchestrator for deploying and managing applications and services across clusters.
• AnsibleAnsible is an open-source automation tool for configuring systems and deploying applications.
• GitHub Actions secretA GitHub Actions secret is an encrypted repository-scoped value that workflows can access without exposing its contents in source code or logs.
• Docker volumeA Docker volume is storage mounted into a container that can persist data independently of the container filesystem and may be shared with the host or other containers.
• Docker HubDocker Hub is a hosted registry service for discovering, storing, and distributing container images.
• DockerfileA Dockerfile is a text-based configuration file that specifies how to build a container image.
• StatefulSetA StatefulSet is a Kubernetes workload resource that manages stateful Pods with stable identities, ordered deployment, and persistent storage associations.
• kubeconfigA kubeconfig is a configuration file that specifies Kubernetes cluster connections, credentials, and contexts for client authentication.
• PythonPython is a general-purpose, high-level programming language known for readable syntax and broad application support.
• post-receive hookA post-receive hook is a Git server-side hook that runs after received references have been updated by a push.
• KubernetesKubernetes is an open-source platform for orchestrating containerized workloads and services across compute resources.
• Docker SwarmDocker Swarm is Docker's native orchestration mode for managing services across a cluster of Docker engines.
• repositoryA Git repository is a directory managed by Git that stores files, metadata, and version history.
• git hookA Git hook is an executable script that Git runs automatically in response to a repository event or command.
• gitGit is a distributed version control system for tracking changes to files and coordinating software development.
• aptAPT is a package-management system and command-line tool for installing and managing software packages on Debian-based Linux systems.
• Kubernetes DeploymentA Kubernetes Deployment is a Kubernetes workload resource that declaratively manages replicated application Pods and their updates.
• Compose serviceA Docker Compose service is a named application component declared in a Compose configuration and instantiated as one or more containers.
• HashiCorp Configuration LanguageHCL, or HashiCorp Configuration Language, is a declarative configuration language for expressing structured settings and infrastructure definitions.
• YAMLYAML is a human-readable data serialization format commonly used for configuration and declarative programming.
• .env fileA dotenv file is a text file containing environment-variable assignments that applications or tooling can load into an execution environment.
• virtual machineA virtual machine is a software-emulated computer that provides an isolated operating-system environment on physical or virtualized infrastructure.
• venv modulevenv is a Python standard-library module for creating and managing virtual environments.
• node portA NodePort Service is a Kubernetes Service type that exposes a port on each cluster node and routes traffic to selected Pods.
• label selectorA label selector is a Kubernetes matching expression that identifies or filters resources by their key-value labels.
• loadbalancer serviceA Kubernetes LoadBalancer Service is a Service type that provisions or integrates with an external load balancer to expose workloads outside the cluster.
• deploymentDeployment is the process of releasing software so that it can run in a target environment.
• portabilityPortability is the property of software being transferable and usable across different computing environments with minimal modification.
• dependencyAn application dependency is an external library, service, runtime, or other component required by an application.
• SSHSSH is a secure network protocol for remotely accessing and administering computers over an authenticated, encrypted connection.
• clusterip service typeA ClusterIP Service is a Kubernetes Service type that provides an internal cluster-only endpoint and balances traffic across selected Pods.
• docker compose updocker compose up -d is a Docker Compose command that creates and starts Compose application services in detached mode.
• bare Git repositoryA bare Git repository is a Git repository that contains version-control data without a checked-out working tree.
• docker rundocker run is a Docker command that creates and starts a container from a specified container image.
• service accountA Kubernetes service account is an identity for processes running in a cluster that can be granted permissions to access Kubernetes resources.
• scalabilityScalability is the ability of a system or process to accommodate increasing workload or resource demands while maintaining acceptable operation.
• declarative programmingDeclarative programming is a programming style that specifies the desired result or state rather than the step-by-step procedure for achieving it.
• service nameA service name is the identifier assigned to a Docker Compose service and used for addressing that service within the Compose network.
• replica countA replica count is the declared number of Pod instances that a Kubernetes workload should maintain.
• Nomad serverA Nomad client is a cluster agent and machine that receives and runs workloads assigned by the Nomad server.
• Nomad jobA Nomad job is a declarative specification of workloads and their required deployment configuration for HashiCorp Nomad.
• Nomad taskA Nomad task is an executable workload specification within a group that defines how an application or container should run.
• Docker Swarm manager nodeA Docker Swarm manager node is a Swarm node that coordinates worker nodes, schedules tasks, and manages the cluster.
• Docker Swarm worker nodeA Docker Swarm worker node is a Swarm node that runs the tasks assigned by a manager node.
• Kubernetes SecretA Kubernetes Secret is a resource for storing sensitive configuration data and exposing it to workloads as keys, environment variables, or volumes.
• git init commandgit init is a Git command that creates or reinitializes a repository in a directory.
• Docker Swarm stackA Docker Swarm Stack is a deployable group of containerized services defined by a Compose-format configuration for Swarm.
• Kubernetes namespaceA Kubernetes Namespace is a resource that logically partitions, isolates, and groups other Kubernetes resources within a cluster.
• computer clusterA cluster is a group of machines coordinated to run workloads as a shared computing system.
• GunicornGunicorn is a Python WSGI HTTP server for running web applications in production.
• commitA commit is a recorded snapshot of changes in a Git repository, identified by a commit identifier and optionally accompanied by a message.
• git addgit add is a Git command that stages specified files or directories for tracking and inclusion in a commit.
• volume claim templateA volume claim template is a StatefulSet specification that defines claims for creating persistent storage resources for its Pods.
• load balancingLoad balancing is the distribution of incoming traffic across one or more servers capable of handling it.
• Nomad UIThe Nomad UI is a web interface for viewing and managing Nomad cluster workloads and resources.
• docker compose downdocker compose down is a Docker Compose command that stops and removes application services and can optionally remove managed volumes.
• ExpressExpress.js is a minimal Node.js web application framework for building server-side applications and APIs.
• SSH keyAn SSH key is a cryptographic key pair consisting of a private key and a corresponding public key for authenticating secure shell connections.
• Kubernetes manifestA Kubernetes manifest is a YAML configuration file that declares the desired state of Kubernetes resources.
• git pushgit push is a Git command that transfers local commits and associated references to a remote repository.
• firewallA firewall is a network security system that filters traffic according to configured rules governing hosts, protocols, or ports.
• npm installnpm install is an npm command that installs project dependencies declared by a Node.js package.
• container registryA container registry is a storage and distribution service for container images.
• service IPA cluster IP is the virtual IP address assigned to provide an internal network endpoint for a Kubernetes Service.
• versioningVersion control is a system for recording, managing, and coordinating changes to files and source code over time.
• cmd directiveCMD is a Dockerfile instruction that specifies the default command for a container when it starts.
• deployment pipelineCI/CD is the practice of continuously integrating code changes and continuously delivering or deploying software through automated pipelines.
• commit messageA commit message is text attached to a version-control commit that describes the changes it records.
• databaseA database is a system that persistently stores and manages structured or semi-structured data for applications.
• Nomad groupA Nomad group is a workload-definition unit within a Nomad job that contains tasks and controls their instance count and shared settings.
• Nomad network blockA Nomad network block is a group-level configuration block that declares network values, including ports, available to tasks in the group.
• Nomad serviceA Nomad service is a task- or group-level definition that registers a workload and assigns an accessible network port to its instances.
• container orchestrationContainer orchestration is the automated coordination and management of containerized workloads across computing resources.
• RedisRedis is an open-source in-memory data structure store that can provide database, cache, and messaging functionality.
• workflowA workflow is an automated definition of triggers, jobs, and steps that performs tasks in a software repository.
• workflow_dispatchworkflow_dispatch is a GitHub Actions workflow trigger that permits manual execution from the GitHub interface.
• docker logindocker login is a Docker command that authenticates the command-line client to a container registry.
• package.jsonpackage.json is a project configuration file that records a package's metadata, dependencies, version, and scripts.
• public keyA public SSH key is the shareable half of an SSH key pair used by a remote system to authenticate the corresponding private key.
• persistent volumeA persistent volume is a Kubernetes storage resource that provides durable storage independently of an individual container's lifecycle.
• labelA metadata label is a key-value annotation attached to a Kubernetes resource for identification and filtering.
• Node.jsA runtime platform for executing JavaScript outside a web browser, commonly for server-side applications.
• requirements.txtA requirements file is a text configuration file that lists Python packages and optionally their required versions for installation.
• .gitignore.gitignore is a Git configuration file that specifies files and directories Git should ignore.
• Kubernetes DNS endpointA Kubernetes DNS endpoint is a DNS name that identifies a Kubernetes Service or other resource within the cluster DNS domain.
• psqlpsql is the PostgreSQL interactive command-line client for executing SQL statements and administrative commands.
• entrypoint fileAn entrypoint script is an executable script that performs startup logic and launches an application inside a container.
• private keyAn SSH private key is the secret member of a cryptographic key pair used to authenticate secure shell connections.
• SupervisorSupervisor is a process-control system for starting, stopping, and monitoring background processes on Unix-like operating systems.
• init containerAn init container is a Kubernetes container that runs to completion before the main containers in a Pod start.
• port forwardingPort forwarding is a networking technique that maps a local port to a port on a remote resource.
• volumeA storage volume is a storage resource attached to an application environment for retaining and accessing data.
• containerdcontainerd is an open-source container runtime that manages the complete container lifecycle on a host system.
• persistent volume claimA PersistentVolumeClaim is a Kubernetes resource that requests storage with specified capacity, access modes, and storage class properties.
• docker compose pulldocker compose pull is a Docker Compose command that downloads the container images specified by a Compose application.
• Docker Swarm taskA Docker Swarm task is a scheduled unit representing a container instance in a Swarm service.
• from instructionThe FROM directive is a Dockerfile instruction that specifies the base container image for a build.
• nvmnvm is a version manager for installing and switching between Node.js runtime versions.
• container-to-container communicationContainer-to-container communication is the exchange of data or service requests between separately running containers.
• hostnameA hostname is a human-readable network name that identifies a host or service for network communication.
• FastAPIFastAPI is a Python web framework for building APIs.
• dockerignore.dockerignore is a Docker configuration file that specifies files and directories to exclude from the Docker build context and container image.
• port numberA port is a numbered network endpoint through which a host or container accepts or sends traffic for an application or service.
• inventoryAn Ansible inventory is a file that defines and groups the remote hosts managed by Ansible.
• GitHubGitHub is a web-based platform for hosting, collaborating on, and managing software repositories with version control.
• docker stopdocker stop is a Docker command that stops a running container.
• stateState is the persistent data or condition that determines how software behaves across operations or restarts.
• JSONJSON is a text-based data interchange format representing structured values such as objects, arrays, strings, numbers, booleans, and null.
• JavaScriptJavaScript is a dynamic programming language standardized as ECMAScript and commonly used for web application development.
• reverse proxyA reverse proxy is a network intermediary that accepts client requests and forwards them to one or more backend servers or applications.
• A recordA DNS A record maps a domain name to an IPv4 address.
• NodeBalancerNodeBalancer is a managed load-balancing service that distributes network requests across cluster nodes and provides a static public IP address.
• Nomad CLIThe Nomad CLI is a command-line interface for scheduling jobs, managing tasks, and monitoring Nomad.
• git loggit log is a Git command that displays the commit history of a repository.
• npmnpm is the package manager and registry ecosystem commonly used to install and manage Node.js packages.
• docker builddocker build is a Docker command that constructs a container image from a Dockerfile and build context.
• file trackingFile tracking is the recording of which files and file changes are included in successive version-control states.
• stateless systemA stateless application is an application that does not retain client-specific state between requests or depend on persistent session state across restarts.
• pippip is the standard package installer and dependency-management tool for Python.
• node_modulesThe node_modules directory is the local filesystem directory containing installed Node.js packages and their dependencies.
• pod templateA Pod template is the configuration specifying the default metadata and containers for Pods created by a Kubernetes workload resource.
• process managerA process manager is software that controls the lifecycle and execution state of long-running processes.
• docker pulldocker pull is a Docker command that downloads a container image from a registry to the local machine.
• Docker Swarm serviceA Docker Swarm service is a declarative definition of tasks to run on manager or worker nodes.
• kubectl applykubectl apply is a kubectl command that creates or updates Kubernetes resources from configuration manifests.
• kubectl rollout restartkubectl rollout restart is a kubectl command that triggers a new rollout of a Kubernetes workload without deleting the workload resource.
• Cloud Native BuildpacksA set of scripts or components that detects an application's source and assembles its runtime environment or image.
• Kubernetes worker nodeA node is a machine in a Kubernetes cluster that runs container workloads.
• provisioningProvisioning is the process of creating and initializing computing resources so they are ready to run software.
• upstream definitionAn upstream definition is an NGINX configuration construct that names a group of backend destinations for request forwarding.
• statefulnessA stateful containerized application is a containerized application whose behavior or data depends on persistent state across operations or restarts.
• password authenticationA password is a secret authentication credential used to verify a user's identity.
• passwordless SSH sessionA passwordless SSH session is an SSH connection authenticated through keys or another non-password mechanism.
• strict host key checkingStrict host key checking is an SSH verification mode that requires a remote host key to be trusted before connection.

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