Machine learning uses algorithms to learn patterns from data and improve performance on useful tasks. Natural language processing applies this approach to human language, continuing a decades-old effort to make computers communicate with people. section 1.1
Learning can use labeled examples to predict outputs, unlabeled data to discover patterns, or environmental rewards and penalties to find strategies. These capabilities do not automatically establish intelligence: systems may imitate human conversation while remaining inflexible and unable to reason. section 1.1
ELIZA and the appearance of understanding
Joseph Weizenbaum's 1966 chatbot ELIZA used simple pattern matching, open-ended questions, and generic replies such as “Please go on.” People nevertheless shared intimate details with it, illustrating how convincing behavior can be mistaken for understanding. section 1.1









































