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What you will learn in Bootstrapping Microservices, Second Edition: With Docker, Kubernetes, GitHub Actions, and Terraform

With Docker, Kubernetes, GitHub Actions, and Terraform

by Ashley Davis

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Chapter by chapter

Concepts explained in this book

• microservice architectureAn architectural style that structures an application as a collection of small, independently deployable services with distinct boundaries.
• Docker ComposeA Docker Compose file is a declarative configuration file that defines the services, containers, images, and related settings for a multi-container application.
• deployment pipelineA CI/CD pipeline is an automated workflow that validates and delivers software changes through continuous integration and continuous delivery or deployment stages.
• testA documented sequence of actions and conditions that demonstrates or evaluates a specified software behavior.
• KubernetesAn open-source platform for orchestrating containerized workloads and services across a cluster of computers.
• video-storage microserviceThe book's storage-facing microservice abstraction through which video content is retrieved independently of its storage provider.
• container registryA container registry is a service that stores, manages, and distributes container images, with access controls such as private repositories.
• video streaming microserviceA named FlixTube microservice responsible for the application's video-streaming capability.
• code reloadingA development technique that detects source-code changes and automatically restarts or reloads a running application.
• monolithic architectureAn application whose functionality is implemented in a single large service rather than multiple independently deployable services.
• Node.jsNode.js is an open-source JavaScript runtime built on Chrome's V8 engine for executing JavaScript outside a web browser.
• kubectlkubectl is the Kubernetes command-line tool for communicating with a Kubernetes cluster and managing its resources and workloads.
• end-to-end testingEnd-to-end testing evaluates an application through its user-facing interfaces across the components needed to deliver a user-visible behavior.
• test fixtureA database fixture is a predefined set of data organized for loading into a database to support testing or demonstrations.
• shell scriptA shell script is a text file containing commands interpreted and executed by a command-line shell.
• test environmentA test environment is a deployment environment used to evaluate software changes separately from production.
• debuggingDebugging is the process of locating, diagnosing, and correcting defects in software or operational workflows.
• environment variableAn environment variable is a named value supplied by the execution environment to configure a program without changing its source code.
• indirect messagingIndirect messaging is a communication pattern in which a sender and receiver exchange information through an intermediary or event channel rather than direct calls.
• package.jsonpackage.json is a JSON-formatted project manifest that declares package metadata, dependencies, and related configuration for a Node.js project.
• distributed systemAn application architecture in which components execute as separate processes or services that communicate across a network.
• history microserviceA history microservice is a microservice that records and retrieves historical events or activity data for an application.
• integration testIntegration testing evaluates how multiple software components work together through their real interfaces and interactions.
• scalabilityThe ability of an application or its data-management components to accommodate increasing workload or size by expanding resources or capacity.
• image tagA Docker image tag is a human-readable label that identifies a particular image reference or version, optionally including a registry location.
• podA Kubernetes Pod is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes, consisting of one or more co-located containers that share network and storage resources.
• GitHub ActionsGitHub Actions is a workflow automation platform for building, testing, and deploying software from repositories hosted on GitHub.
• infrastructure as codeThe practice of defining, provisioning, and managing infrastructure through machine-readable code.
• Kubernetes DeploymentA Kubernetes Deployment is a controller that manages replicated application pods and replaces failed instances to maintain the declared state.
• databaseA database is a system that stores and manages persistent structured data for retrieval and modification.
• Azure StorageAn Azure Storage account is a Microsoft Azure resource that provides access to cloud storage services and their stored data.
• docker rundocker run is a Docker command that creates and starts a container from a specified image.
• development dependencyA development dependency is a software package required for developing, testing, or building an application but not necessarily for running it in production.
• complexityThe difficulty of understanding, changing, operating, scaling, and coordinating the components and interactions of a software system.
• automationThe execution of operational or development tasks by software with reduced manual intervention.
• GitHub Actions secretA GitHub secret is an encrypted repository or organization value that GitHub Actions workflows can access without exposing its underlying credential or configuration value.
• database serverA database server is a server process or computer that provides database storage and data-management services to applications.
• Azure resource groupAn Azure resource group is a management container that organizes related cloud resources.
• MongoDBMongoDB is a document-oriented NoSQL database management system.
• npmThe default package manager for Node.js that installs packages and manages project metadata and dependencies.
• containerA container is an isolated execution environment that packages an application with its dependencies while sharing the host operating system kernel.
• single repository structureA monorepo is a single source-code repository that contains multiple services, applications, or related projects managed together.
• production-like environmentA production-like environment is a nonproduction environment configured to approximate the operational conditions of production.
• DockerA Docker container is an isolated runtime instance of a container image with its own filesystem, processes, and resource context.
• docker pushdocker push is a Docker CLI command that uploads a tagged Docker image to a container registry.
• mockingMocking is the replacement of a software dependency with a controlled substitute that provides compatible behavior for development or testing.
• serviceA Kubernetes abstraction that exposes a set of pods through a stable network endpoint and service-discovery identity.
• PlaywrightPlaywright is a browser automation and end-to-end testing framework.
• JavaScriptJavaScript is a high-level programming language standardized as ECMAScript and commonly used for web and server-side development.
• triageThe practice of prioritizing problems according to their severity or urgency so that the most serious are addressed first.
• root causeThe underlying condition or defect that produces an observed software problem.
• npm scriptAn npm script is a named command configuration in a project's package.json file that can be invoked through npm.
• port forwardingPort forwarding is the redirection of network traffic arriving at one port to a designated port on another network endpoint.
• JestJest is a JavaScript testing framework for running automated tests.
• Terraform state fileA Terraform state file is a local or remote file that records the state of infrastructure managed by Terraform, including associated resource values.
• DockerfileA Dockerfile is a script containing instructions for building a Docker image and specifying its included code and assets.
• RabbitMQRabbitMQ is a message broker that routes messages between producers and consumers.
• Azure PortalThe Azure portal is Microsoft's web interface for creating, configuring, monitoring, and managing Azure resources.
• container imageA Docker image is an immutable package containing the code, dependencies, assets, and resources needed to instantiate a containerized application or service.
• ExpressExpress is a Node.js web application framework for building HTTP servers and request-handling routes.
• queueA RabbitMQ queue is a buffer that stores messages until consumers retrieve them.
• direct messagingDirect messaging is synchronous communication in which one microservice sends a message directly to a specifically addressed other microservice and receives an immediate handling result.
• dependencyA software dependency is an external component, package, or service required by a project or application to build or operate correctly.
• evidenceInformation that helps identify the location and cause of a software defect.
• problem isolationThe systematic reduction of the components and scope involved in a software defect until its source is identified.
• workaroundA temporary approach that restores or preserves functionality without correcting the underlying defect.
• database-per-microserviceAn architectural pattern in which each microservice has its own separately managed database.
• terraform applyterraform apply is the Terraform command that compares configuration with recorded state and applies the required infrastructure changes.
• Azure Storage APIThe Azure Storage API is the programmatic interface for authenticating with and accessing data in Azure Storage.
• @azure/storage-blob@azure/storage-blob is the npm package that provides JavaScript and Node.js access to Azure Blob Storage.
• storage accountA storage account is an Azure resource that provides an access boundary and configuration for stored data.
• blob containerA storage container is a logical Azure Storage location that organizes stored files or blobs.
• Azure CLIAzure CLI is Microsoft's cross-platform command-line interface for creating, configuring, and managing Azure resources.
• logLogging is the practice of recording runtime events, messages, and diagnostic information generated by software.
• microservices-first approachAn application-development approach in which an application is designed and built as microservices from its inception rather than converted from a monolith.
• productionA production environment is a deployment environment that hosts an application for access by real customers or users.
• fault toleranceFault tolerance is the ability of a system to continue providing acceptable service when some components fail.
• development modeDevelopment mode is an application execution mode configured for rapid iteration, feedback, and development-oriented tooling.
• video viewed messageA video viewed message is an application message indicating that a user has started watching or viewed a video.
• docker builddocker build is a Docker CLI command that constructs a Docker image from a build context and instructions.
• meta-repositoryA meta-repository is an aggregate repository that coordinates content from multiple separate code repositories as a cohesive whole.
• deployment automationThe practice of releasing application software through automated, repeatable tooling rather than manual operations.
• video identifierA video identifier is a stable identifier used to refer to a video independently of its physical storage location.
• API gatewayAn architectural component that serves as an entry point between clients and backend services.
• continuous improvementA development cycle consisting of a small code change followed by evaluation and possible correction.
• configurationA set of values and settings that determine how a software component operates.
• docker compose updocker compose up is a Docker Compose command that creates and starts the services defined by an application configuration.
• file systemFile storage is a persistent storage mechanism that organizes data as files.
• private registryA private container registry is a container registry whose stored images are restricted to authorized users or systems.
• serverAn HTTP server is software that listens for HTTP requests and returns HTTP responses.
• nodemonnodemon is a command-line development tool that monitors files and automatically restarts a Node.js application when changes are detected.
• request messageAn HTTP POST request is an HTTP request that submits data to a server for processing or resource creation.
• manual deploymentManual deployment is the practice of releasing software through steps executed directly by a person rather than by an automated workflow.
• refactoringContinuous refactoring is the repeated restructuring of software during development without changing its externally observable behavior.
• metadata microserviceA FlixTube service responsible for managing video metadata and its associated storage information.
• envsubstenvsubst is a command-line utility that substitutes references to environment variables in input text with their corresponding values.
• docker compose up --builddocker compose up --build is a Docker Compose command invocation that rebuilds service images before creating and starting the services.
• development DockerfileA development Dockerfile is a Dockerfile used to build a container image with a configuration optimized for software development.
• Docker volumeA Docker volume is persistent storage managed separately from a container's writable filesystem and lifecycle.
• error handlingAn error-handling strategy is a systematic approach for detecting, responding to, and recovering from software errors.
• docker logindocker login is a Docker CLI command that authenticates a client to a container registry.
• AxiosAxios is a JavaScript library for making HTTP requests, including requests through promise-based asynchronous APIs.
• video streamingStreaming video is audiovisual content delivered incrementally over a network for near-immediate playback.
• cloud storageCloud storage is remotely managed storage accessed over a network and provided as an infrastructure service.
• health checkA health check is an automated assessment of whether a running service or workload is functioning and available according to defined criteria.
• fault isolationFault isolation is the containment of a failure within one component so that it has minimal effect on other components or users.
• npxA Node.js command-line utility for executing packages installed in a project's local dependencies.
• docker tagdocker tag is a Docker command that creates or updates a tag referring to a container image.
• exchangeA RabbitMQ exchange is a message-routing component that receives published messages and directs them to queues according to bindings and routing rules.
• repositoryA code repository is a storage location that contains a software project's source code and related development history.
• handlerAn HTTP route handler is a server-side function that processes requests matching a specified HTTP route and produces a response.
• npm start commandnpm start is the conventional npm command for launching a Node.js application through its configured start script.
• replicaA replica is an additional running instance that duplicates the functionality of another service or component.
• single-process systemAn application whose complete execution occurs within one operating-system process.
• authorizationAuthorization is the process of determining which actions or resources an authenticated participant is permitted to access.
• production dependencyA production dependency is a software package required when running an application in production but not for development.
• load balancerA load balancer is a network component that distributes incoming traffic across multiple service instances or endpoints.
• sensitive informationA sensitive value is configuration or state data whose disclosure could compromise security and is therefore specially protected in displayed or stored form.
• collectionA MongoDB collection is a group of related documents within a database.
• storage serverA storage provider is a service or system that supplies persistent data-storage capabilities to an application.
• redundancyRedundancy is the use of multiple equivalent instances or components so operation can continue when one fails.
• amqplibamqplib is a Node.js client library for connecting to and communicating with AMQP message brokers such as RabbitMQ.
• kubectl applykubectl apply is a Kubernetes command that creates or updates cluster resources from declarative configuration files or manifests.
• greenfield environmentA new application developed without needing to preserve or integrate with an existing application implementation.
• docker image lsdocker image list is a Docker CLI command that displays Docker images available locally and their tags.
• circuit breaker patternA circuit breaker is a resilience pattern that stops requests to a failing upstream service and resumes them after checking that the service has recovered.
• work queue patternA job queue is a processing pattern that records and schedules heavyweight tasks for asynchronous execution and retry after failure.
• retryA technique that repeats a failed operation a specified number of times, optionally pausing between attempts.
• timeoutA timeout is a limit on how long a software operation waits for a response or completion before it is treated as failed.
• AzureMicrosoft Azure is Microsoft's public cloud computing platform for deploying and operating applications, infrastructure, and managed services.
• horizontal scalingHorizontal scaling is the technique of increasing capacity by running multiple instances of a component and distributing its workload among them.
• testing pyramidThe testing pyramid is a model that organizes tests into layers, with broader and generally slower tests placed above narrower and generally faster tests.
• database fixture REST APIA database fixture REST API is an HTTP API that loads and unloads predefined test data in a database.
• kubectl get servicesA kubectl command that displays information about Kubernetes Services, including their assigned external addresses.
• hybrid approachThe hybrid approach is an application architecture that retains a monolith for most functionality while surrounding it with microservices where their flexibility or scalability is beneficial.
• docker psdocker ps is a Docker command that lists containers on the Docker host.
• node portA Kubernetes Service type that exposes a service on a port of each cluster node for access from outside the cluster.
• YAMLYAML is a human-readable data serialization and configuration format designed for structured machine-readable documents.
• streamingNode.js streaming is the incremental processing and transfer of data through Node.js stream objects rather than loading the complete data set at once.
• messageA message is a discrete piece of data transmitted between software components to communicate an event, command, or information.
• Terraform providerA Terraform provider is a plugin that enables Terraform to interact with a specific infrastructure platform or service through its API.
• docker compose downdocker compose down is a Docker Compose command that stops and removes application services and their associated containers and networks.
• domain-driven designDomain-driven design is a software design approach that models software around the concepts and boundaries of its problem domain.
• kubectl configurationA Kubernetes configuration is connection and authentication data that enables kubectl to access a Kubernetes cluster.
• continuous deploymentContinuous deployment is a software delivery practice that automatically deploys changes to a target environment after they pass the required validation.
• multiple-recipient messageA multiple-recipient message is a message distributed independently to multiple recipients across an application.
• autoscalingElastic scaling is the automatic expansion and contraction of a service's running capacity in response to changing workload.
• observabilityObservability is the practice of exposing and analyzing detailed telemetry to understand a system's internal behavior from its external outputs.
• parameterizationParameterization is the practice of representing changeable configuration values as parameters or placeholders rather than embedding them directly in code or configuration.
• rolling updateA rolling update is a deployment technique that incrementally replaces running application instances with a new version while keeping other instances available.
• locatorA Playwright locator is an API object that identifies elements in a web page for inspection or interaction.
• pageA Playwright page is an API object representing a browser page and exposing navigation and interaction operations.
• abort and restartAbort and restart is an error-handling strategy that terminates a failing process and starts it again.
• exceptionAn exception is a runtime object or control-flow event representing an abnormal condition that can interrupt normal program execution.
• failureAn error is an abnormal condition or event that causes software to produce incorrect behavior or prevents it from completing an operation.
• resumeResume operation is an error-handling strategy that allows a process to continue after an unexpected error.
• global error handlerThe uncaughtException event is a Node.js process event emitted when an exception reaches the event loop without being caught.
• manual testingThe evaluation of software behavior by a person executing test steps rather than by an automated test program.
• service communicationThe network interaction through which independently deployed microservices exchange information and coordinate behavior.
• liveness checkA liveness probe is a Kubernetes health-check configuration that determines whether a container or pod is still functioning and should continue running.
• readiness checkA Kubernetes readiness probe is a health check that indicates whether a container or application instance is ready to receive traffic.
• riskDeployment risk is the possibility that releasing a software change will cause failures or disruption in an application.
• technology stackA technology stack is the combination of tools, software, frameworks, and other technologies used to build an application or service.
• couplingCoupling is the degree of dependency between software components or services.
• securityData protection is the set of practices for preventing data from being damaged, lost, overwritten, or deleted.
• driftConfiguration drift is the divergence between the recorded or declared configuration of infrastructure and its actual state.
• npm testnpm test is the conventional npm command for running a project's automated tests.
• blue-green deploymentBlue-green deployment is a release technique that runs old and new application versions in parallel and switches traffic between them.
• gitGit is a distributed version control system for tracking changes to files and coordinating software development.
• anonymous queueA RabbitMQ queue created without a specified name so the broker generates a unique queue name for one consumer.
• HTTPHTTP is the application-layer protocol used to exchange requests and responses across networks.
• kubectl logskubectl logs is a kubectl command that retrieves container logs from a Kubernetes pod.
• Kubernetes DashboardThe Kubernetes dashboard is a web-based user interface for viewing and managing Kubernetes cluster resources and workloads.
• SternStern is a command-line tool for retrieving and following logs from multiple Kubernetes pods using name or label patterns.

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