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What you will learn in Collaborative Software Design: How to facilitate domain modeling decisions

How to facilitate domain modeling decisions

by Evelyn van Kelle, Gien Verschatse Kenny Baas-Schwegler

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Chapter by chapter

Concepts explained in this book

• social rankImplicit rank is a person's perceived status within a group that is attributed to characteristics such as knowledge, experience, age, education, gender, or social status rather than formally assigned.
• collaborative discovery and modelingA collaborative modeling session is a facilitated activity in which participants jointly create or discuss models to reach shared understanding.
• polarityA polarity is a tension between two opposing but interdependent positions, values, or forces that must be managed over time rather than permanently resolved by choosing one side.
• sense-making taskA sensemaking exercise is a structured activity for developing a shared interpretation of complex information or situations.
• metaheuristicA guiding heuristic, or meta-heuristic, is a higher-level heuristic that guides the selection or application of other heuristics.
• shared understandingA shared understanding is a common interpretation of relevant context, assumptions, concerns, and decisions among participating people.
• facilitatorA facilitator is a person who guides participants through a collaborative activity so that communication, participation, and decision-making are effective.
• heuristicA mental shortcut is a rapid cognitive strategy that reduces the effort required to interpret situations and make decisions.
• active listeningActive listening is a communication technique that verifies and clarifies a speaker’s meaning through attentive interpretation, questioning, and verbal or nonverbal acknowledgment.
• edge behaviorEdge behavior is seemingly illogical or contradictory behavior that signals an individual or group is avoiding an uncomfortable conflict near the boundary of conscious awareness.
• climate reportA climate report is a report of observed group behavior and interaction patterns that helps participants recognize and improve their collaborative climate.
• conflictA conflict is a state of disagreement or opposition between people or positions within a group.
• interviewAn interview is a structured conversation in which one person elicits information, experiences, or perspectives from another person.
• neutralityNeutrality is a facilitation stance of remaining open and nonjudgmental so that information and perspectives can emerge without premature alignment.
• software design EventStormingSoftware Design EventStorming is an EventStorming format for designing and implementing software around specific business scenarios.
• autocratic leadership styleAn autocratic decision is a decision made unilaterally by an authority rather than through group agreement.
• hotspotA hotspot is a marked area of difficulty, interpersonal conflict, missing knowledge, or branching in an explored timeline.
• cognitive biasA cognitive bias is a systematic tendency in human judgment or reasoning that can distort perception and decision-making.
• check-inA check-in is an opening activity for establishing participants’ initial status, context, or readiness in a collaborative session.
• polarity mapA polarity map is a visual model that represents two interdependent opposing poles, their positive and negative aspects, signals, and possible actions for managing them.
• role fluidityRole fluidity is the ability of people in a group to recognize and identify with multiple roles rather than reducing a person to a single fixed role.
• check-outA check-out is a closing activity that helps participants reflect on a session, express unresolved concerns, and make necessary agreements before leaving.
• safe spaceA safe space is an interaction environment in which participants can express views without fear of hostility or penalty.
• safety ruleA safety rule is a collectively agreed constraint on behavior intended to protect open and respectful participation in a group activity.
• resistance to changeResistance is a reluctance or opposition to change, participation, or confronting a problem within a group.
• shadowA shadow is an unobserved or insufficiently acknowledged social dynamic that hinders a group's collaboration and decisions.
• symbol of powerA culturally meaningful behavior, characteristic, practice, or artifact that signals status, authority, or influence within a group.
• social hierarchyAn ordered social structure in which people or groups occupy positions with differing status, influence, or authority.
• uncertaintyUncertainty is the lack of knowledge or trust in the information available when making a decision.
• impromptu networkingImpromptu networking is a structured conversation format in which participants discuss questions in pairs or small groups and then share insights with a larger group.
• nudgeA nudge is an intervention that alters how choices are presented or how a decision environment is structured without removing the available choices.
• ubiquitous languageA ubiquitous language is an unambiguous vocabulary shared by domain stakeholders and software developers for expressing domain concepts and design decisions.
• problem spaceA problem space is the portion of a domain containing the business problems, concepts, and complexity that a software solution addresses.
• participant observationA research method in which an investigator observes a culture or group while participating in its activities and social setting.
• preparationPreparation is the stage of organizing a collaborative modeling session, including its goal, participants, agenda, materials, exercises, outcome, and space.
• unanimous voteA unanimous vote is a decision procedure in which every participating voter supports the selected option.
• shared mental modelA shared mental model is a jointly held internal representation of a domain, situation, or system among members of a group.
• symbolic violenceSymbolic violence is the attribution and reinforcement of power through symbols, meanings, or social representations that cause people to accept diminished status or contribution.
• domain eventA domain event is a record of a significant occurrence in a business domain that may be relevant to subsequent behavior or decisions.
• modeA majority vote is a decision procedure in which the option receiving more than half of the votes is selected.
• ethnographic field noteEthnographic fieldnotes are detailed records of observations, interactions, and contextual interpretations produced during ethnographic research.
• karaoke player patternThe karaoke player pattern is a group behavior in which one person dominates conversation and dictates the group's direction.
• hot check-inA hot check-in is a session-opening activity that immediately addresses an active conflict or contentious design question.
• scapegoating fallacyThe scapegoating fallacy is a reasoning and communication error in which responsibility for a problem is shifted onto other people.
• alternativeAn alternative design is one of multiple candidate structures or approaches proposed to solve a software problem.
• observationAn observation is a deliberately noted behavior, interaction, event, or verbal or nonverbal cue that provides evidence about a situation.
• emic perspectiveAn emic perspective is an insider's account of a culture based on the lived experience of its members.
• ethnographic writingEthnographic writing is the practice of documenting cultural observations and participant experiences while distinguishing observation from interpretation.
• unstructured conversationAn unstructured interview is an open-ended conversation guided by observations and participant interests rather than a fixed question sequence.
• business model canvasA visual strategic management template for describing and analyzing a business model.
• architecture decision recordA structured document that records an architectural decision, its context, and its consequences.
• perspectiveA perspective is a particular viewpoint from which a problem, subject, or set of information is considered.
• design decisionA design decision is a chosen resolution to a software design problem or alternative.
• collaboration styleA collaboration style is a structured format for organizing how participants work together during a collaborative session.
• behavioral patternA behavioral pattern is a recurring form of behavior shaped by context or cultural norms that appears across comparable situations.
• customer journeyA customer journey is the sequence of experiences and interactions a customer has while pursuing an outcome with an organization.
• psychological safetyPsychological safety is a shared belief that people can speak openly, take interpersonal risks, and address difficult issues without undue fear of negative consequences.
• dysfunctional conflictConflict arising from interpersonal emotions, behaviors, or relationships rather than from the task itself.
• essential complexityEssential complexity is the irreducible complexity inherent in the problem domain that software design can manage but not eliminate.
• constraintA constraint is a limitation or condition that restricts the available choices or outcomes in a business or software context.
• Example MappingExample Mapping is a collaborative technique for organizing rules, examples, and questions to clarify requirements and discover acceptance criteria.
• continuous improvementA cycle in which information about outcomes or requirements feeds back into subsequent decisions or actions.
• cultureCulture is the shared norms, practices, assumptions, and ways of working that characterize a social group.
• polarized questionA polarized question is a question that explicitly frames two opposing but interdependent positions within a polarity.
• bounded contextA bounded context is an explicit boundary within which a domain model and its language have consistent meanings.
• working agreementA working agreement is a collectively accepted norm that defines how participants will behave and interact during a group activity.
• conversation on four feetA Lewis Deep Democracy exercise in which participants physically position themselves in relation to a statement and explain their perspectives.
• role mappingA technique for identifying, categorizing, and relating the roles present in a group or session to reveal its underlying dynamics and polarities.
• business modelA business model is a representation of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value through its business activities.
• value propositionA value proposition is a statement of the benefits and value an organization offers to its customers.
• designSoftware design is the activity of determining a software system’s structure, behavior, and implementation decisions from its requirements.
• living documentationDocumentation that is continuously revised to reflect changes in the system, model, design, or decisions it describes.
• pivotal eventA pivotal event is a significant event in a process whose occurrence enables or organizes subsequent events.
• sustainable design decisionA sustainable design decision is a software design choice that a group can maintain and support while remaining aligned with business needs over time.
• remote sessionA remote session is a collaborative activity conducted with participants communicating from separate physical locations through digital technology.
• Socratic questionA question-based technique that prompts a person to clarify, examine, or deepen their reasoning rather than supplying an answer.
• socio-technical systemA sociotechnical system is an interdependent system comprising technical components and the people, social structures, and organizational processes that shape their operation.
• functional fixednessA cognitive bias that restricts a person to seeing an object, method, or representation only according to its familiar function or use.
• decision-making environmentA decision-making environment is the set of contextual features and arrangements in which people evaluate options and make choices.
• vulnerabilityA willingness to expose uncertainty, disagreement, or personal views despite the possibility of discomfort or social risk.
• pro-con-fix listA decision-support list that records the advantages, disadvantages, and possible remedies associated with an option or set of options.
• tradeoffA balance between competing advantages, disadvantages, costs, or consequences among alternative choices.
• debateA debate is a structured exchange in which participants present and examine opposing positions on an issue.
• subject matter expertA subject matter expert is a person with specialized knowledge in a particular field, here software design.
• impact mappingAn impact map is a visual model connecting a goal to actors, impacts, and deliverables that contribute to achieving it.
• fractal patternA fractal pattern is a recurring structure or behavior that appears in similar form at multiple organizational levels.
• symbolic idealA symbolic ideal is a culturally and contextually shaped mental image of traits associated with dominance, strength, or high status.
• symbolic powerSymbolic power is socially recognized influence or authority based on traits such as prestige, status, honor, gender, age, or occupational position.
• facilitationA facilitation process is the sequence of activities through which a facilitator guides a group toward effective communication, participation, or decision-making.
• transparencyTransparency is the degree to which an intervention's purpose, method, and influence are openly disclosed to the people affected by it.
• buy-inBuy-in is acceptance and support for a decision by the people whose cooperation is needed to carry it out.
• whirlpool modelA nonlinear model-exploration approach in which repeated feedback-driven loops challenge and refine models from different perspectives.
• social dynamicsSocial dynamics are patterns of interaction, influence, disagreement, consensus, and relationships among people participating in collaborative work.
• retrospectiveA retrospective is a recurring team meeting for examining recent work and agreeing on improvements to future collaboration or delivery.
• bias blind spotA bias blind spot is the tendency to recognize cognitive biases in other people while overlooking those operating in oneself.
• stressor analysisA resilience analysis technique that identifies disruptive events, their architectural effects, detection signals, and mitigations.
• Wardley MappingWardley Mapping is a visual strategy technique for mapping components according to user needs and their evolution.
• holding spaceHolding space is a facilitation practice of maintaining an accepting, attentive environment in which participants can express themselves and work through issues.
• type 1 nudgeA nudge that operates primarily through automatic, nonreflective thinking and can exploit cognitive biases.
• type 2 nudgeA nudge that directs attention and reflective thinking so people can consider the nudge and their decision.
• enabling constraintAn enabling constraint is a productive limitation that helps a group overcome stagnation and continue collaborative work.
• genius developerA genius developer is an experienced developer whose deep knowledge of an existing software system gives them high perceived authority but can constrain domain-focused design and adaptation.
• new developerA new developer is a recently joined team member who promotes practices from a former workplace to establish credibility or validate their status.
• silent personA silent person is a participant who has difficulty expressing views or concerns and whose contributions are consequently given less consideration by the group.
• Peter principleThe Peter principle is the management pattern in which people are promoted until they occupy a position in which they are incompetent.
• preventable problemA preventable problem is an organizational pattern in which incentives make creating and later fixing problems more rewarding than preventing them.
• rockstar developerA rockstar developer is a developer rewarded for rapidly handling urgent problems and visible incidents rather than preventing systemic problems or preserving code quality.
• decision makingA decision is a conscious choice between two or more alternatives that irrevocably allocates resources such as time, money, or energy.
• owning rankA facilitation practice of explicitly accepting and taking responsibility for the authority granted to the facilitator.
• playing rankA facilitation practice of maintaining recognized authority through communication and behavior that fit a group's power symbols.
• sharing rankA facilitation practice of distributing the facilitator's influence so that other participants can speak and exercise leadership.
• social powerThe capacity to influence other people’s behavior, participation, or decisions within a group.
• competing heuristicA competing heuristic is a valid decision rule that directs action differently from another valid heuristic in the same situation.
• compassionCompassion is concern about another person’s suffering accompanied by a willingness to help if that help is wanted.
• user story mappingUser Story Mapping is a collaborative technique for arranging user stories according to a user's narrative or journey to support prioritization and product planning.
• neutral consequenceA consequence of an alternative that is neither beneficial nor harmful in the relevant context.
• functional conflictA healthy, constructive disagreement that supports progress, innovation, or growth.
• domain-driven designA software design approach that centers development on a model of the business domain and uses that model to guide software structure and implementation.
• confusing communicationConfusing communication is communication containing contradictory statements, behavior, or signals that make a person's position or intent difficult to interpret.
• questions that aren't questionsQuestions that aren't questions are opinion statements expressed as questions and containing implicit judgment, assumptions, or direction.
• conflict avoidanceConflict avoidance is the tendency to evade, suppress, or defer addressing disagreement or opposition.
• indirect communicationIndirectness is communication that expresses an opinion or criticism without openly identifying the speaker's position or its specific target.
• logical fallacyA fallacy is a logically unsound form of reasoning in which an argument's apparent support does not validly establish its conclusion.
• geographical proximityPhysical proximity is the degree to which participants are geographically close enough to share a physical setting and observe one another directly.
• acceptance criteriaAcceptance criteria are business conditions that an implementation must satisfy for a requirement or user story to be accepted.
• System 1The fast, automatic, intuitive mode of human cognition that generates judgments with little conscious effort.
• personal shadowA personal shadow is an unacknowledged facilitator emotion, belief, or prejudice that can influence reactions and judgment.
• premeditatio malorumPremeditatio malorum is a Stoic practice of imagining possible difficulties in advance to prepare one's judgment and response.
• intuition starters kitThe intuition starters kit is a collection of boundary-design heuristics intended to help practitioners develop and apply design intuition.
• price calculation bounded contextThe Price Calculation bounded context is the BigScreen boundary containing pricing behavior and potential future subscription-related behavior.
• polarity managementPolarity mapping is a visual facilitation technique for identifying and managing the benefits and drawbacks of opposing but interdependent alternatives.
• observerAn observer is a facilitator stance focused on noticing participant behavior, interaction, and session dynamics without primarily directing the activity.
• decision-making styleA decision-making style is a characteristic way in which authority, participation, and responsibility are organized when making decisions.
• role theoryRole theory is a framework for understanding individuals and groups through the social, functional, personal, emotional, and conceptual roles they can embody.
• attractorA state or limited set of states in a system's state space toward which the system repeatedly returns.
• component evolutionA position representing the degree to which a capability has evolved from novel creation toward standardized utility.
• aggregateA consistency boundary is a boundary within which related state must satisfy business invariants as a single consistent unit.
• double signalA set of conflicting signals in which spoken words do not align with tone, actions, or other nonverbal cues.
• only criticize the other patternA fractal organizational behavior in which people assign blame to others while failing to reflect on their own behavior.
• incongruence insightA heuristic that identifies a potential underlying issue when a person's words do not align with their actions or nonverbal cues.
• clean languageClean language is a therapeutic communication technique that uses simple, open-ended questions based on a speaker’s exact words while avoiding the questioner’s assumptions, suggestions, metaphors, and interpretations.
• architectural decisionAn architectural decision is a significant choice about the structure or organization of a software system together with its context and consequences.
• mental modelA mental model is an individual’s internal representation of how a domain, business process, or software system works.
• visualizationVisualization is the representation of concepts, relationships, or processes in a visual form to support reasoning and communication.
• power dynamicA power gradient is a difference in power, influence, or authority between people or positions in a social or organizational setting.
• signalA signal is an observable piece of information, activity, behavior, or event that indicates a change affecting a session, outcome, or result.
• business problemA business problem is a need, objective, task, process, constraint, or challenge affecting users, stakeholders, or an organization.
• liminalityLiminality is a transitional state characterized by uncertainty, ambiguity, and the disruption of established concepts or structures.
• model fittingA software design practice of deforming a problem domain by adding or omitting elements so that it conforms to an existing model, metaphor, or architecture.
• framing effectThe framing effect is a cognitive bias in which the presentation of equivalent information changes preferences or judgments.
• shared language architectureShared language architecture is a collaborative technique for discovering and shaping the vocabulary, symbols, and metaphors that participants use to understand a domain.
• deployment unitA deployable unit is a separately deployable software unit whose release boundary can be aligned with components that change together.
• definition of successA definition of success is a set of session-specific guidelines for assessing whether an intended outcome has been reached.
• poleA pole is one of the two opposing but interdependent positions or perspectives within a polarity.
• conflict stageA stage in a progression that represents the behavioral development of a conflict and helps indicate an appropriate intervention.
• stakeholder analysisStakeholder analysis is a technique for identifying stakeholders, their roles, their expertise, and their expected involvement in decisions.
• complex problemA complex problem has high uncertainty, unpredictable outcomes, and no fixed solution that can be identified in advance.
• complicated problemA complicated problem is an ordered problem with predictable outcomes and an existing solution that requires expertise to understand or apply.
• collaborative software designA software design decision shaped through the participation and alignment of relevant stakeholders and team members.
• agile software developmentAgile software development is an iterative approach to software development that emphasizes collaboration, feedback, adaptability, and incremental delivery.
• counselorA person who listens to individuals' problems and supports them in understanding emotions and triggers while recognizing when referral is needed.
• enablerA facilitator stance focused on creating conditions that allow participants to contribute and achieve a session's goals.
• task organizerA person who ensures that collaborative tasks are assigned, tracked, and followed through by individuals or subgroups.
• collaborationCollaboration is the joint performance of design or development work by multiple participants who share knowledge and decisions.
• ruleA rule is a prescribed condition or policy that determines permitted behavior or outcomes in a domain.
• use caseA use case is a description of interactions between an actor and a system that produce an observable outcome.
• visual collaboration toolA visual collaboration tool represents ideas, assumptions, or decisions visually to support collaborative work.
• architecture advice processA decision-making process in which architectural decisions are advised on by people beyond the group that initially makes them.
• diagrams as codeA technique for generating visual diagrams from textual descriptions written in a diagramming language.
• buy-in levelAn idea buy-in level presents a possible direction as an open question that participants may freely influence or reject.
• Domain StorytellingDomain Storytelling is a collaborative modeling technique that captures domain knowledge through illustrated stories of activities and interactions.
• Lewis Deep DemocracyLewis Deep Democracy is a facilitation method for surfacing diverse perspectives, minority viewpoints, and group dynamics in collective decision-making.
• split and mergeSplit and merge is a named collaboration format in which participants work separately and then combine their results.
• business invariantA business invariant is a condition that must remain true for a domain model to represent a valid business state.
• aggregate rootAn aggregate root is the designated domain object through which modifications to an aggregate are managed.
• maturity mappingMaturity Mapping is a Wardley Mapping variant that represents capabilities as practices progressing through stages of maturity.
• breakout sessionA breakout group is a subgroup of meeting participants formed for separate discussion or work during a larger session.
• remote facilitationRemote facilitation is the practice of guiding a collaborative activity when participants communicate from separate physical locations through digital technology.
• gossipGossip is informal discussion about a group decision that can indirectly express a person's opinion or resistance.
• requirementsA requirement is a stated need, constraint, or capability that a software system is expected to satisfy.
• hybrid sessionA hybrid session is a collaborative activity in which some participants attend remotely while others share a physical location.
• weak signalA weak signal is a subtle or difficult-to-detect piece of information, activity, behavior, or event that may indicate an emerging change or pattern.
• value-based heuristicA value-based heuristic is a rule that shapes attitudes and behavior toward design, work, or the surrounding world.
• availability biasA cognitive bias in which information that is easy to recall is judged as more important or valuable than less readily recalled alternatives.
• together, aloneTogether, Alone is a collaboration format in which participants work independently on the same task before comparing their results, combining individual and group work.
• monologue styleMonologue style is a communication format in which participants share individually without interruption while others listen rather than engage in dialogue.
• pre-mortem sessionA premortem is a prospective risk-analysis technique in which participants imagine that a project or plan has failed and identify the causes of failure in advance.
• software architectA software architect is a person responsible for making and communicating significant structural decisions about a software system.
• concealed modelingThe named negative state produced by remaining too long in either detailed modeling or end-to-end modeling.
• Deep versus Wide polarityA book-specific polarity between detailed modeling and end-to-end modeling.
• solution-oriented modelingThe named positive state produced by balancing detailed modeling with end-to-end modeling.
• in-person sessionAn in-person session is a collaborative activity in which participants physically share the same location.
• ADR canvasA visual template for recording the title, status, context, decision, and consequences of an architectural decision.
• cruftPoorly written, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary software code and structure that makes a system harder to change or maintain.
• implicit architectureImplicit architecture is a software architecture whose significant design decisions are unstated, undocumented, or not shared.
• technical debtThe future cost of deliberately choosing a less-than-ideal software design or implementation in order to deliver value sooner.
• autonomyAutonomy is the ability of a team to make decisions and progress independently without requiring continual alignment or approval from other teams.
• centralized decision-makingCentralized decision-making is a decision-making arrangement in which authority for decisions is concentrated in a central person or group.
• shared kernelA shared kernel is a deliberately bounded subset of a domain model, together with relevant code or database design, that multiple teams agree to share.
• poor communication/breakdownPoor communication or breakdown is a resistance behavior involving the stopping or limiting of communication because a person feels unheard.
• resistance lineA resistance line is a model showing common stages of behavior that people exhibit when they feel unheard or undervalued in group decision-making.
• group unconsciousnessThe collectively unrecognized mental and social influences that shape a group's behavior and decision-making.
• iceberg modelA model of the mind that represents conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mental activity as levels with differing visibility and accessibility.
• preconscious mindThe level of mental content that is not immediately conscious but can be accessed through association or recollection.
• subconscious mindThe level of mental processes that are inaccessible to consciousness but influence judgments, feelings, and behavior.
• sunk cost fallacyA reasoning error in which prior investments of time, effort, or money improperly influence continuation of an endeavor despite its current costs and benefits.
• cost of changeCost of change is the effort, expense, risk, or disruption required to modify a software system after a decision has been made.
• resulting biasThe tendency to judge the quality of a decision primarily by the quality of its eventual outcome.
• teamA development team is a group of people responsible for building and evolving software.
• stakeholderA stakeholder is a person or group affected by, interested in, or able to influence the software and its organizational outcomes.
• anchoring biasA cognitive bias in which an initial suggestion or piece of information disproportionately influences subsequent judgments and decisions.
• collaborative modeling coachA collaborative modeling coach is a person who guides, challenges, and encourages individuals or groups to develop effective collaborative modeling practices and skills.
• contractingA technique for establishing explicit expectations, boundaries, permissions, goals, and outcomes within a helping or coaching relationship.
• System 2The slower, deliberate, conscious, and effortful mode of human cognition used for reasoning and complex mental activities.
• minority wisdomMinority wisdom is valuable knowledge or perspective held by a smaller portion of a group.
• strong signalA strong signal is an obvious and readily observable piece of information, activity, behavior, or event indicating a potentially important change.
• empathic concernEmpathic concern is empathy involving distress at another person’s negative emotions together with motivation to help.
• empathic listeningEmpathic listening is an interpersonal practice of helping another person feel understood by connecting with and supporting their emotional experience without necessarily trying to relieve their suffering.
• sociotechnical effectA sociotechnical effect is an outcome of a software design alternative that affects both technical properties and the people, teams, or organizational structures connected to it.
• agile architectureAgile architecture is an iterative approach to architectural design that incorporates collaboration, experimentation, feedback, and emergent decisions.
• agile theaterAgile theater is an organizational pattern in which teams adopt Agile practices while surrounding hierarchy and delivery processes remain largely unchanged.
• overconfidenceExcessive confidence in one's abilities, judgment, or correctness relative to available evidence.
• self-fulfilling prophecyA process in which an expectation influences behavior in ways that cause the expected outcome to occur.
• status quo biasA cognitive bias involving preference for the current state of affairs over changing to an alternative.
• heuristics toolkitA heuristics toolkit is a collection of heuristics that helps a facilitator guide collaborative modeling and design decisions.

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